Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Solar Magnetic Flux Ropes

  • Published:
Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the early 1990s, it was found that the strongest disturbances of the space–weather were associated with huge ejections of plasma from the solar corona, which took the form of magnetic clouds when moved from the Sun. It is the collisions of the magnetic clouds with the Earth’s magnetosphere that lead to strong, sometimes catastrophic changes in space–weather. The onset of a coronal mass ejection (CME) is sudden and no reliable forerunners of CMEs have been found till date. The CME prediction methodologies are less developed compared to the methods developed for the prediction of solar flares. The most probable initial magnetic configuration of a CME is a flux rope consisting of twisted field lines which fill the whole volume of a dark coronal cavity. The flux ropes can be in stable equilibrium in the coronal magnetic field for weeks and even months, but suddenly they lose their stability and erupt with high speed. Their transition to the unstable phase depends on the parameters of the flux rope (i.e., total electric current, twist, mass loading, etc.), as well as on the properties of the ambient coronal magnetic field. One of the major governing factors is the vertical gradient of the coronal magnetic field, which is estimated as decay index (n). Cold dense prominence material can be collected in the lower parts of the helical flux tubes. Filaments are, therefore, good tracers of the flux ropes in the corona, which become visible long before the beginning of the eruption. The perspectives of the filament eruptions and following CMEs can be estimated by a comparison of observed filament heights with calculated decay index distributions. The present paper reviews the formation of magnetic flux ropes, their stable and unstable phases, eruption conditions, and also discusses their physical implications in the solar corona.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amari, T., Aly, J. -J., Luciani, J. -F., Mikic, Z. Linker, J. 2011, Astrophys. J. Lett., 742, L27.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Anzer, U. Priest, E. 1985, Solar Phys., 95, 363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aulanier, G., Török, T., Démoulin, P. DeLuca, E. E. 2010, Astrophys. J., 708, 314.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Aurass, H., Vrsnak, B., Hofmann, A. Rudzjak, V. 1999, Solar Phys., 190, 267.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballester, J. L. 1984, Solar Phys., 94, 151.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, G. 1978, MHD instabilities, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

  • Biskamp, D. 1982, Phys. Letters, 87A, 357.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Biskamp, D. 1984, Phys. Letters, 105A, 124.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Braams, C. M. Stott, P. E. 2002, Nuclear Fusion: Half a Century of Magnetic Confinement Research, Institute of Physics Publishing.

  • Brandt, P. N., Scharmer, G. B., Ferguson, S., Shine, R. A., Tarbell, T. D. Title, A. M. 1988, Nature, 335, 238.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Browning, P. K. 1991, Plasma Phys. and Contr. Fusion, 33, 571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buneman, O. 1961, Plasma Physics, edited by Drummond J. E., LOC 60-12766. Publ. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, p. 202.

  • Chae, J. 2000, Astrophys. J. Lett., 540, L115.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J. 1989, Astrophys. J., 338, 453.

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, X., Zhang, J., Ding, M. D., Guo, Y. Su, J. T. 2011, Astrophys. J., 732, 87.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, X., Ding, M. D., Guo, Y., Zhang, J., Vourlidas, A., Liu, Y. D., Olmedo, O., Sun, J. Q. Li, C. 2014a, Astrophys. J., 780, 28.

  • Cheng, X., Ding, M. D., Zhang, J., Srivastava, A. K., Guo, Y., Chen, P. F. Sun, J. Q. 2014b, Astrophys. J., 789, L35.

  • Canfield, R. C., Hudson, H. S. McKenzie, D. E. 1999, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 627.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S. 2006, Nature, 441, 402.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Démoulin, P. Aulanier, G. 2010, Astrophys. J., 718, 1388.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dungey, J. W. 1953, Phil. Mag., 44, 725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, Y. 2001, Astrophys. J., 554, L111.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, Y. 2010, Astrophys. J., 719, 728.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, Y. Gibson, S. E. 2007, Astrophys. J., 668, 1232.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Filippov, B. P. 1994, Astron. Lett., 20, 665.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Filippov, B. P. 1995, Astron. Astrophys., 303, 242.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Filippov, B. 1998, in New Perspectives on Solar Prominences, edited by Webb, D., Rust, D. M., Schmieder B., ASP Conf. Ser. 150, 94.

  • Filippov, B. 2013, Astrophys. J., 771, 10.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Filippov, B. P. Den, O. G. 2000, Astron. Lett., 26, 322.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Filippov, B. P. Den, O. G. 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 25177.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Filippov, B. Zagnetko, A. 2008, J. Atmosph. Solar-Terrestr. Phys., 70, 614.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Filippov, B. P., Martsenyuk, O. V., Den, O. E. Platov, Yu. V 2014, Astron. Rep., 58, 928.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, T. G. Isenberg, P. A. 1991, Astrophys. J., 373, 294.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, T. G. Priest, E. R. 1995, Astrophys. J., 446, 377.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Foukal, P. 1971, Solar Phys., 19, 59.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaizauskas, V., Zirker, J. B., Sweetland, C. Kovacs, A. 1997, Astrophys. J., 479, 448.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gary, G. A. 2001, Solar Phys., 203, 71.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gary, G. A. Moore, R. L. 2004, Astrophys. J., 611, 545.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S. E., Foster, D., Burkepile, J., de Toma, G. Stanger, A. 2006, Astrophys. J., 641, 590.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Giovanelli, R. G. 1947, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc., 107, 338.

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Giovanelli, R. G. 1948, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc., 108, 163.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Galsgaard, K. Nordlund, Å 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 231.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Galsgaard, K., Priest, E. R. Titov, V. S. 2003, J. Geophys. Res. (Space Physics), 108, 1042.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N. 2008, J. Atmosph. Solar-Terrestr. Phys., 70, 2078.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J. T. 1993, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18937.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J. T., Hildner, E., MacQueen, R. M., Munro, R. H., Poland, A. I. Ross, C. L. 1974, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 4581.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, L. M., Kliem, B., Török, T., van Driel-Gesztelyi, L. Attrill, C. D. R. 2007, Solar Phys., 246, 365.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, Y., Ding, M. D., Schmieder, B., Li, H., Török, T. Wiegelmann, T. 2010, Astrophys. J. Lett., 725, L38.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, K. 2001, ‘Coronal Cavities’, in Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics, edited by Murdin, P., Nature Publishing Group and Institute of Physics Publishers.

  • Hildner, E. 1977, in Study of Travelling Interplanetary Phenomena, edited by Shea, M. A., Smart, D. F., Wu, S. T., Proc. L. D. de Feiter Memorial Symp., ASSL, 71, Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co., p. 3.

  • Huttunen, K. E. J., Koskinen, H. E. J., Pulkkinen, T. I., Pulkkinen, A., Palmroth, M., Reeves, E. G. D. Singer, H. J. 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isenberg, P. A., Forbes, T. G. Démoulin, P. 1993, Astrophys. J., 417, 368.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Isenberg, P. A. Forbes, T. G. 2007, Astrophys. J., 670, 1453.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, B. V. Howard, R. A. 1993, Solar Phys., 148, 359.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jardine, M. Priest, E. R. 1988, J. Plasma Phys., 40, 143.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, N. C., Srivastava, A. K., Filippov, B., Kayshap, P., Uddin, W., Chandra, R., Choudhary, D. P. Dwivwdi, B. N. 2014, Astrophys. J., 787, 11.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahler, S. W. 1992, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 30, 113.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahler, S. W. 2003, Adv. Space Res., 32, 2587.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kliem, B. Török, T. 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett., 96, 255002.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleim, B., Titov, V. Török, T. 2004, Astron. Astrophys., 413, L23.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kliem, B., Török, T. Forbes, T. G. 2011, in ESPM-13 Programme and Abstract Book, edited by Tziotziou, K., Gontikakis, C., EPS, p. 68.

  • Kliem, B., Lin, J., Forbes, T. G., Priest, E. R. Török, T. 2014, Astrophys. J., 789, 46.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Korsós, M. B., Baranyi, T. Ludmány, A. 2014, Astrophys. J., 789, 107.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Korsós, M. B., Gyeng, N., Baranyi, T. Ludmány, A. 2015, J. Astrophys. Astron. (this volume).

  • Koutchmy, S., Slemzin, V., Filippov, B., Noens, J. -C., Romeuf, D. Golub, L. 2008, Astron. Astrophys., 483, 599.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulikova, G. N., Molodenskii, M. M., Starkova, L. I. Filippov, B. P. 1986, Solnechnye Dannye, No. 10, 60.

  • Kulikova, G. N., Molodenskii, M. M., Starkova, L. I. Filippov, B. P. 1989, in Solar Magnetic Fields and Corona, Nauka, Novosibirsk, p. 156.

  • Kumar, P., Srivastava, A. K., Filippov, B. Uddin, W. 2010, Solar Phys., 266, 39.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, P., Cho, K. -S., Bong, S. -C., Park, S. -H. Kim, Y. H. 2012, Astrophys. J., 746, 67.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, P., Srivastava, A. K., Filippov, B., Erdélyi, R. Uddin, W. 2011, Solar Phys., 272, 301.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuperus, M. Raadu, M. A. 1974, Astron. Astrophys., 31, 189.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Landau, L. D., Lifshitz, E. M. Pitaevsky, L. P. 1984, Electrodynamics of Continuous Media, 2nd edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

  • Lee, S. 1983, Plasma Phys., 25, 571.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, L. C. Fu, Z. F. 1986, Geophys. Res. Letters, 12, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leroy, J. -L. 1989, in Dynamics and Structure of Quiescent Solar Prominences, edited by Priest, E. R., Kluwer, Dordrecht, p. 77.

  • Li, X., Morgan, H., Leonard, D. Jeska, L. 2012, Astrophys. J. Lett., 752, L22.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J., Forbes, T. G., Isenberg, P. A. Démoulin, P. 1998, Astrophys. J., 504, 1006.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J. Forbes, T. G. 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2375.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J. van Ballegooijen, A. A. 2002, Astrophys. J., 576, 485.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J., Ko, Y. -K., Sui, L., Raymond, J. C., Stenborg, G. A., Jiang, Y., Zhao, S. Mancuso, S. 2005, Astrophys. J., 622, 1251.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lites, B. W., Kubo, M., Berger, T., Frank, Z., Shine, R., Tarbell, T., Title, A., Okamoto, T. J. Otsuji, K. 2010, Astrophys. J., 718, 474.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y. 2008, Astrophys. J., 679, L151.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, W., Wang, T. J., Dennis, B. R. Holman, G. D. 2009, Astrophys. J., 698, 632.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C., Lee, J., Jing, J., Liu, R., Deng, N. Wang, H. 2010a, Astrophys. J. Lett., 721, L193.

  • Liu, R., Lee, J., Wang, T. J., Stenborg, G., Liu, C. Wang, H. 2010b, Astrophys. J., 723, L28.

  • Longcope, D. W. Welsch, B. T. 2000, Astrophys. J., 545, 1089.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Longcope, D. W. Forbes, T. G. 2014, Solar Phys., 289, 2091.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Magara, T. 2006, Astrophys. J., 653, 1499.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Malherbe, J. M. Priest, E. R. 1983, Astron. Astrophys., 123, 80.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Manchester, W. I., Gombosi, T., DeZeeuw, D. Fan, Y. 2004, Astrophys. J., 610, 588.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S. F. 1998, Solar Phys., 182, 107.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S. F., Billimoria, R. Tracadas, P. W. 1994, in Solar Surface Magnetism, edited by Rutten, R. J., Schrijver, C.J., Kluwer Acad., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 303.

  • Martres, M. J., Michard, R. Soru-Escout, I. 1966, Ann. Astrophys., 29, 249.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Molodensky, M. M. 1974, Solar Phys., 39, 393.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Molodenskii, M. M. Filippov, B. P. 1987, Soviet Astron., 31, 564.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Molodenskii, M. M. Filippov, B. P. 1989, Soviet Astron., 33, 540.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. L., Sterling, A. C., Hudson, H. S. Lemen, J. R. 2001, Astrophys. J., 552, 833.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Murawski, K., Srivastava, A. K. Musielak, Z. E. 2014, Astrophys. J., 788, 8.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nindos, A., Patsourakos, S. Wiegelmann, T. 2012, Astrophys. J. Lett., 748, L6.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto, T. J., Tsuneta, S., Lites, B. W., Kubo, M., Yokoyama, T., Berger, T. E., Ichimoto, K., Katsukawa, Y., Nagata, S., Shibata, K. et al 2008, Astrophys. J., 673, L215.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto, T. J., Tsuneta, S., Lites, B. W., Kubo, M., Yokoyama, T., Berger, T. E., Ichimoto, K., Katsukawa, Y., Nagata, S., Shibata, K. et al 2009, Astrophys. J., 697, 913.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Olmedo, O. Zhang, J. 2010, Astrophys. J., 718, 433.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Paletou, F. Aulanier, G. 2003, in Solar Polarization Workshop 3, edited by Trujillo Bueno, J., Sánchez Almeida, J., CS-236, Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, p. 458.

  • Pariat, E., Antiochos, S. K. DeVore, C. R. 2009, Astrophys. J., 691, 61.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N. 1957, J. Geophys. Res., 62, 509.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N. 1973, J. Plasma Phys., 9, 49.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N. 1979, Cosmical magnetic fields. Their origin and their activity, Oxford.

  • Patsourakos, S., Vourlidas, A. Stenborg, G. 2013, Astrophys. J., 764, 125.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Petschek, H. E. 1964, in AAS-NASA Symposium on Solar Flares, NASA SP-50, p. 425.

  • Pevtsov, A. A., Canfield, R. C. Zirin, H. 1996, Astrophys. J., 473, 533.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pevtsov, A. A., Balasubramaniam, K. S. Rogers, J. W. 2003, Astrophys. J., 595, 500.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pneuman, G. W. 1983, Solar Phys., 88, 219.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Podgorny, A. I. Podgorny, I. M. 2006, Astron. Rep., 50, 842.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pontin, D. I. Galsgaard, K. 2007, J. Geophys. Res., 112, 3103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pontin, D. I., Bhattacharjee, A. Galsgaard, K. 2007, Phys. Plasmas, 14, 052106.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pontin, D. I., Hornig, G. Priest, E. R. 2004, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 98, 407.

    ADS  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Pontin, D. I., Hornig, G. Priest, E. R. 2005, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 99, 77.

    ADS  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, E. R. 1990, in Dynamics of quiescent prominences, Lecture Notes in Physics 363, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, p. 150.

  • Priest, E. R. Forbes, T. G. 1986, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5579.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, E. R. Forbes, T. G. 1990, Solar Phys., 126, 319.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, E. R. 1996, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 354, 2951.

    ADS  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, E. R. Forbes, T. G. 2002, Astron. Astrophys. Rev., 10, 313.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, K. K., Gibson, S. E., Kucera, T. A., Hudson, H. S. Kano, R. 2012, Astrophys. J., 746, 146.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Régnier, S. Canfield, R. C. 2006, Astron. Astrophys., 451, 319.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Régnier, S., Walsh, R. W. Alexander, C. E. 2011, Astron. Astrophys., 533, L1.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rickard, G. J. Titov, V. S. 1996, Astrophys. J., 472, 840.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Roussev, I. I., Forbes, T. G., Gombosi, T. I., Sokolov, I. V., DeZeeuw, D. L. Birn, J. 2003, Astrophys. J., 588, L45.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rust, D. M. Martin, S. F. 1994, in Solar Active Region Evolution: Comparing Models with Observations, edited by Balasubramanian, K. S., Simon, G. W., ASP Conf. Ser., 68, p. 337.

  • Rust, D. M. 1999, in Magnetic Helicity in Space and Laboratory Plasmas: Geophysical Monograph, 111, edited by Brown, M. R., Canfield, R. C., Pevtsov, A. A., American Geophysical Union, Washington, p. 221.

  • Savcheva, A. S., van Ballegooijen, A. A. DeLuca, E. E. 2012, Astrophys. J., 744, 78.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholer, M. 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8805.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Severny, A. B. 1958, Astron. Zh., 35, 335.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafranov, V. D. 1966, Reviews of Plasma Physics, New York, Consultants Bureau, vol. 2, p. 103.

  • Schmieder, B., Démoulin, P. Aulanier, G. 2013, Adv. Space Res., 51 (11), 1967.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Solov’ev, A. A. 1985, Astrophysics, 23, 595.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B. V. 1986, Astron. Astrophys., 163, 210.

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnerup, B. U. O. 1970, J. Plasma Phys., 4, 161.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, N., Ambastha, A. Bhatnagar, A. 1991, Solar Phys., 133, 339.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, A. K., Zaqarashvili, T. V., Kumar, P. Khodachenko, M. L. 2010, Astrophys. J., 715, 292.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, A. K., Erdélyi, R., Tripathi, D., Fedun, V., Joshi, N. C. Kayshap, P. 2013, Astrophys. J. Lett., 765, 42.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Su, Y., Wang, T., Veronig, A., Temmer, M. Gan, W. 2012, Astrophys. J. Lett., 756, L41.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Su, Y., Veronig, A. M., Holman, G. D., Dennis, B. R., Wang, T., Temmer, M. Gan, W. 2013, Nature Physics, 9, 489.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sui, L. H. Holman, G. D. 2003, Astrophys. J., 596, L251.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, P. A. 1958, in Electromagnetic Phenomena in Cosmic Physics, edited by Lehnert, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 124.

  • Sweet, P. A. 1969, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 7, 149.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatsky, S. I. 1966, Astron. Zh., 43, 340.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Titov, V. S., Priest, E. R. Démoulin, P. 1993, Astron. Astrophys., 276, 564.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Titov, V. S. Démoulin, P. 1999, Astron. Astrophys., 351, 707.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Titov, V. S., Hornig, G. Démoulin, P. 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi: 10.1029/2001JA000278.

  • Török, T. Kliem, B. 2005, Astrophys. J., 630, L97.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Török, T., Leake, J. E., Titov, V. S., Archontis, V., Mikić, Z., Linton, M. G., Dalmasse, K., Aulanier, G. Kliem, B. 2014, Astrophys. J. Lett., 782, L10.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • van Tend, W. Kuperus, M. 1978, Solar Phys., 59, 115.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vourlidas, A., Buzasi, D., Howard, R. A. Esfandiari, E. 2002, in Solar variability: from core to outer frontiers, 10th European Solar Physics Meeting, edited by Wilson, A., ESA SP-506, 1. Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, p. 91.

  • Vrsnak, B., Ruzdjac, V., Brajsa, R. Dzubar, A. 1988, Solar Phys., 116, 45.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y. -M. Stenborg, G. 2010, Astrophys. J. Lett., 719, L181.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wedemeyer-Böhm, S., Scullion, E., Steiner, O., van der Voort, L. R., de La Cruz Rodriguez, J., Fedun, V. Erdélyi, R. 2012, Nature, 486, 505.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Withbroe, G. L. Noyes, R. W. 1977, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 15, 363.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y., Liu, C., Jing, J. Wang, H. 2012, Astrophys. J., 761, 52.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Dere, K. P., Howard, R. A., Kundu, M. R. White, S. M. 2001, Astrophys. J., 559, 452.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zirin, H. 1972, Solar Phys., 22, 34.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zirker, J. B., Martin, S. F., Harvey, K. Gaizauskas, V. 1997, Solar. Phys., 175, 27.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zueva, N. M., Solov’ev, L. S. Morozov, A. I. 1976, J. Experimental and Theoretical Phys. Lett., 23, 256.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuccarello, F. P., Romano, P., Zuccarello, F. Poedts, S. 2013, in Nature of Prominences and their role in Space Weather, Proc. IAU Symp. No. 300, edited by Schmieder, B., Malherbe, J.-M., Wu, S. T., p. 475.

  • Zuccarello, F. P., Seaton, D. B., Mierla, M., Poedts, S., Rachmeler, L. A., Romano, P. Zuccarello, F. 2014, Astrophys. J., 785, 88.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 14-02-92690) and in part by the Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology of India (grant INT/RFBR/P-165)

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences (IZMIRAN), Troitsk, Moscow, 142190, Russia

    Boris Filippov & Olesya Martsenyuk

  2. Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221 005, India

    Abhishek K. Srivastava

  3. Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Manora Peak, Nainital, 263 002, India

    Wahab Uddin

Authors
  1. Boris Filippov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Olesya Martsenyuk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abhishek K. Srivastava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wahab Uddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Boris Filippov.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Filippov, B., Martsenyuk, O., Srivastava, A.K. et al. Solar Magnetic Flux Ropes. J Astrophys Astron 36, 157–184 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-015-9321-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-015-9321-5

Key words

Search

Navigation