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Does COVID-19 Trigger the Risk for the Development of Parkinson’s Disease? Therapeutic Potential of Vitamin C

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Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was proclaimed a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. There is mounting evidence that older patients with multimorbidity are more susceptible to COVID-19 complications than are younger, healthy people. Having neuroinvasive potential, SARS-CoV-2 infection may increase susceptibility toward the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with extensive motor deficits. PD is characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein in the form of Lewy bodies and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the dorsal striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the nigrostriatal pathway in the brain. Increasing reports suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked with the worsening of motor and non-motor symptoms with high rates of hospitalization and mortality in PD patients. Common pathological changes in both diseases involve oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. COVID-19 exacerbates the damage ensuing from the dysregulation of those processes, furthering neurological complications, and increasing the severity of PD symptomatology. Phytochemicals have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Vitamin C supplementation is found to ameliorate the common pathological changes in both diseases to some extent. This review aims to present the available evidence on the association between COVID-19 and PD, and discusses the therapeutic potential of vitamin C for its better management.

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Data Availability

No data and materials are used in this review.

Abbreviations

ACE-2:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

COVID-19:

Coronavirus disease 2019

DA-ergic:

Dopaminergic

DHAA:

Dehydroascorbic acid

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

IL-1:

Interleukin-1

LB:

Lewy bodies

MMP:

Mitochondrial membrane potential

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

NLRP3 inflammasome:

NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain–containing protein 3 inflammasome

NOX:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase

NRF2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2

ORF3a:

Open reading frame 3a

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

S protein:

Spike protein

SARS-CoV-2:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2

SNpc:

Substantia nigra pars compacta

TMPRSS2:

Type 2 transmembrane serine protease

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

α-syn:

α-Synuclein

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.

Funding

The authors acknowledge financial supports from DBT (BT/PR32907/MED/122/227/2019). We also acknowledge the facilities / laboratories supported by DBT BUILDER (BT/INF/22/SP45382/2022), and DST-FIST-II [SR/FST/LSII-046/2016(C)] to the School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi. S.X. and R.S. acknowledge the financial support from CSIR Grants (09/263(1219)/2019-EMR-I and (09/263(1172)2019-EMR-I).

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  1. Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Sandeep, Rhea Subba & Amal Chandra Mondal

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  1. Sandeep
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  2. Rhea Subba
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  3. Amal Chandra Mondal
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Contributions

Conceptualization, A.C.M. and S.X.; design, A.C.M., S.X., and R.S.; writing and editing; A.C.M., S.X., and R.S.

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Correspondence to Amal Chandra Mondal.

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Sandeep, Subba, R. & Mondal, A.C. Does COVID-19 Trigger the Risk for the Development of Parkinson’s Disease? Therapeutic Potential of Vitamin C. Mol Neurobiol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-023-03756-3

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