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Evaluation of Potential Neuroprotective Effects of Vanillin Against MPP+/MPTP-Induced Dysregulation of Dopaminergic Regulatory Mechanisms in SH-SY5Y Cells and a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

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Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition. The pathogenesis of PD is still unknown, and drugs available for PD treatment either have side effects or have suboptimal efficacy. Flavonoids are potent antioxidants having little toxicity with extended use, suggesting they might hold promising therapeutic potential against PD. Vanillin (Van) is a phenolic compound that has exhibited neuroprotective properties in various neurological disorders, including PD. However, the neuroprotective role of Van in PD and its underlying mechanisms are scarce and therefore need more exploration. Here, we evaluated the neuroprotective potential of Van and its associated mechanisms against MPP+/MPTP-induced neuronal loss in differentiated human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells and the mouse model of PD. In the present study, Van treatment significantly enhanced the cell viability and alleviated oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis in MPP+-intoxicated SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, Van significantly ameliorated the MPP+-induced dysregulations in protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and mRNA expressions of GSK-3β, PARP1, p53, Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 genes in SH-SY5Y cells. Similar to our in vitro results, Van significantly alleviated MPTP-induced neurobehavioral dysregulations, oxidative stress, aberrant TH protein expressions, and immunoreactivity in SNpc of mice brains. Treatment of Van also prevented MPTP-mediated loss of TH-positive intrinsic dopaminergic neurons to SNpc and TH-fibers projecting to the striatum of mice. Thus, Van exhibited promising neuroprotective properties in the current study against MPP+/MPTP-intoxicated SH-SY5Y cells and mice, indicating its potential therapeutic properties against PD pathology.

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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included.

Abbreviations

AO:

Acridine orange

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ANOVA:

One-way analysis of variance

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

BHT:

Butylated hydroxytoluene

CAT:

Catalase

DCFH-DA:

2-7-Diacetyl dichlorofluorescein

DCFH:

2′, 7′-Dichloro-dihydrofluorescin

DCF:

2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein

DAB:

Diaminobenzidine

DAT:

Dopamine transporters

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium

Ellman’s reagent:

5,5′-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

GSH:

Glutathione

H&E:

Hematoxylin-Eosin

SH-SY5Y:

Human neuroblastoma cells

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

LPO:

Lipid peroxidation

Δψm:

Mitochondrial membrane potential

MPTP:

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

MPP+ :

1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

NGS:

Normal goat serum

NO:

Nitric oxide

6-OHDA:

6-Hydroxydopamine

OPA:

Orthophosphoric acid

PFA:

Paraformaldehyde

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PBS:

Phosphate buffer saline

PI:

Propidium iodide

PARP:

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase

PMS:

Post mitochondrial supernatant

Pyrogallol:

1,2,3-Trihydroxy benzene

RA:

Retinoic acid

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SNpc:

Substantia nigra paras compacta

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TBA:

Thiobarbituric acid

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance

TH:

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Van:

Vanillin

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Central instrumentation facility, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. We are grateful to Prof. Ashis K. Nandi, School of Life Sciences, JNU, for his assistance in measuring the striatal MPP+ levels using HPLC.

Funding

This study was partially supported by a grant from DBT (BT/PR32907/MED/122/227/2019), DBT-SAHAJ/BUILDER (BT/INF/22/SP45382/2022) National Facility/Laboratory and DST-FIST-II [(SR/FST/LSII-046/2016(C)] to the School of Life Sciences, JNU. LR and MHA received financial grants from CSIR No. [09/263(1163)/2018-EMR-I] and ICMR (45/7/ 2019/MP/BMS), respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, 110067

    Linchi Rani, Mir Hilal Ahmad & Amal Chandra Mondal

  2. Midnapore Medical College and Hospital, West Medinipur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Balaram Ghosh

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  1. Linchi Rani
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LR and MHA together designed and performed the experiments, helped analyze the results, and wrote and reviewed the manuscript. BG revised the manuscript. ACM conceptualized, supervised the study, and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Amal Chandra Mondal.

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All the experiments were carried out on C57BL/6 mice following standard guidelines and regulations of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi (10/GO/ReBi/99/CPCSEA/March 10, 1999). All the standard methods and protocols were followed for animal handling and experiments. All efforts were made to reduce animal suffering.

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Rani, L., Ghosh, B., Ahmad, M.H. et al. Evaluation of Potential Neuroprotective Effects of Vanillin Against MPP+/MPTP-Induced Dysregulation of Dopaminergic Regulatory Mechanisms in SH-SY5Y Cells and a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 60, 4693–4715 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-023-03358-z

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