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Ginkgo biloba Extract (GbE) Restores Serotonin and Leptin Receptor Levels and Plays an Antioxidative Role in the Hippocampus of Ovariectomized Rats

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Abstract

Since Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) was reported to improve the hypothalamic serotonergic system of ovariectomized (OVX) rats, the present study aimed to verify the GbE effects on hippocampal oxidative stress, inflammation, and levels of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT), and both the serotonin (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B) and leptin receptors of OVX rats. Two-month-old female Wistar rats had their ovaries surgically removed (OVX) or not (SHAM). After 60 days, OVX rats were gavaged daily with GbE 500 mg kg−1 (OVX+GbE), while SHAM and OVX groups received saline 0.9% (vehicle) for 14 days. Rats were then euthanized, and hippocampi were collected. Both 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B levels were significantly reduced in OVX rats compared to SHAM rats, while 5-HT1A was higher in OVX+GbE rats in comparison to OVX rats. Similarly, LepR levels were increased in OVX+GbE rats compared to OVX rats, reaching similar levels to SHAM rats. Superoxide dismutase activity increased in OVX rats in relation to SHAM rats, which was restored to SHAM levels by GbE treatment. Additionally, GbE significantly increased the glutathione peroxidase activity in comparison to the SHAM group. No differences were observed either in catalase activity or in the levels of 5-HTT, PKCα, TLR-4, NF-κBp50, ERK, and CREB. In summary, our results show a potential effect of GbE on hippocampal pathways involved in feeding behavior, and thus, they suggest that GbE activity might improve menopausal-related hippocampal disorders, offering an alternative therapeutic tool particularly for women to whom hormone replacement therapy may be contraindicated.

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Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed in the study will be available in the repository, as well as by the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support given by Suzete Maria Cerutti, Esther Milani Ático, Nelson Inácio Pinto Neto, Paloma Korehisa Maza, and Carol Anne Dannenhoffer.

Funding

This research was supported by grants from FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) [2014/18929-9] and CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) [finance code 001].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Post-graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil

    Meira Maria Forcelini Machado, Renata Mancini Banin, Fernanda Malanconi Thomaz, Jéssica de Souza Figueiredo, Bruna Kelly Sousa Hirata, João Henrique Ghilardi Lago & Mônica Marques Telles

  2. Discipline of Nutrition Physiology, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Iracema Senna de Andrade, Valter Tadeu Boldarine, Lila Missae Oyama, Eliane Beraldi Ribeiro & Mônica Marques Telles

  3. Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil

    João Henrique Ghilardi Lago

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Contributions

Meira Maria Forcelini Machado—conceptualization, validation, formal analysis, investigation, and data curation

Renata Mancini Banin—conceptualization, methodology, visualization, and supervision

Fernanda Malanconi Thomaz—conceptualization, methodology, and investigation

Iracema Senna de Andrade—conceptualization, methodology, and investigation

Valter Tadeu Boldarine—conceptualization, methodology, and investigation

Jéssica de Souza Figueiredo—conceptualization, methodology, and investigation

Bruna Kelly Sousa Hirata—conceptualization, methodology, and data curation

Lila Missae Oyama—conceptualization, visualization, and funding acquisition

João Henrique Ghilardi Lago—conceptualization, visualization, methodology, formal analysis, resources, and writing—review and editing

Eliane Beraldi Ribeiro—conceptualization, visualization, and funding acquisition

Mônica Marques Telles—conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, resources, writing—review and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition

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Correspondence to Mônica Marques Telles.

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Machado, M.M.F., Banin, R.M., Thomaz, F.M. et al. Ginkgo biloba Extract (GbE) Restores Serotonin and Leptin Receptor Levels and Plays an Antioxidative Role in the Hippocampus of Ovariectomized Rats. Mol Neurobiol 58, 2692–2703 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02281-5

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