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Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Abstract

According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as of July 11, 2016, the reported average incidence of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was 1 in 68 (1.46%) among 8-year-old children born in 2004 and living within the 11 monitoring sites’ surveillance areas in the United States of America (USA) in 2012. ASD is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder that is also considered a hidden disability, as, for the most part; there are no apparent morphological differences between children with ASD and typically developing children. ASD is diagnosed based upon a triad of features including impairment in socialization, impairment in language, and repetitive and stereotypic behaviors. The increasing incidence of ASD in the pediatric population and the lack of successful curative therapies make ASD one of the most challenging disorders for medicine. ASD neurobiology is thought to be associated with oxidative stress, as shown by increased levels of reactive oxygen species and increased lipid peroxidation, as well as an increase in other indicators of oxidative stress. Children with ASD diagnosis are considered more vulnerable to oxidative stress because of their imbalance in intracellular and extracellular glutathione levels and decreased glutathione reserve capacity. Several studies have suggested that the redox imbalance and oxidative stress are integral parts of ASD pathophysiology. As such, early assessment and treatment of antioxidant status may result in a better prognosis as it could decrease the oxidative stress in the brain before it can induce more irreversible brain damage. In this review, many aspects of the role of oxidative stress in ASD are discussed, taking into account that the process of oxidative stress may be a target for therapeutic interventions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway

    Geir Bjørklund

  2. Research on Children with Special Needs Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt

    Nagwa A. Meguid & Maha Hemimi

  3. CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt

    Nagwa A. Meguid, Mona A. El-Bana & Maha Hemimi

  4. Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt

    Mona A. El-Bana

  5. Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia

    Alexey A. Tinkov

  6. Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

    Alexey A. Tinkov & Anatoly V. Skalny

  7. IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia

    Alexey A. Tinkov & Anatoly V. Skalny

  8. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

    Khaled Saad

  9. CONEM Upper Egypt Pediatric Research Group, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

    Khaled Saad & Amira A. El-Houfey

  10. Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

    Maryam Dadar

  11. Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia

    Anatoly V. Skalny

  12. Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Anatoly V. Skalny

  13. CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic

    Božena Hosnedlová & Rene Kizek

  14. Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic

    Božena Hosnedlová & Rene Kizek

  15. Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry (KIKKB), Ljubljana University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Joško Osredkar & Teja Fabjan

  16. Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Mauricio A. Urbina

  17. Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

    Amira A. El-Houfey

  18. Department of Community Health Nursing, Sabia University College, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia

    Amira A. El-Houfey

  19. Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

    Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska & Paulina Gątarek

  20. CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland

    Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska & Paulina Gątarek

  21. Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Salvatore Chirumbolo

  22. CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy

    Salvatore Chirumbolo

Authors
  1. Geir Bjørklund
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  2. Nagwa A. Meguid
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  3. Mona A. El-Bana
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  4. Alexey A. Tinkov
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  14. Amira A. El-Houfey
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  17. Salvatore Chirumbolo
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Geir Bjørklund.

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Bjørklund, G., Meguid, N.A., El-Bana, M.A. et al. Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 57, 2314–2332 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-01742-2

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