Abstract
Myelin destruction due to inflammatory damage of oligodendrocytes (OLs) in conjunction with axonal degeneration is one of the major histopathological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS), a common autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Therapies over the last 20 years mainly focus on the immune system and, more specifically, on the modulation of immune cell behavior. It seems to be effective in MS with relapse, while it is of little benefit to progressive MS in which neurodegeneration following demyelination outweighs inflammation. Otherwise, remyelination, as a result of oligodendrocyte production from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), is considered to be a potential target for the treatment of progressive MS. In this review, positive effects of remyelination on MS will be discussed in view of the critical role played by thyroid hormone (TH), focusing on the following points: (1) promising treatment of TH on MS that potentially targets to remyelination; (2) the active role of TH that is able to promote remyelination; (3) the regulative role of TH that works on endogenous stem and precursor cells; (4) the effect of TH on gene transcription; and (5) a working hypothesis which is developed that TH can alleviate MS by promoting remyelination, and the mechanism of which is its regulative role in gene transcription of OPCs.
Abbreviations
- BDNF:
-
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- cDNA:
-
Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
- CNP:
-
Cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CXCL12:
-
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12
- CXCR4:
-
(C-X-C motif) receptor 4
- CXCL12/CXCR4:
-
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12/(C-X-C motif) receptor 4
- DR-4:
-
Direct repeat 4
- DR-4 TRE:
-
Thyroid hormone receptor element of direct repeat 4
- EAE:
-
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
- F2:
-
Inverted palindrome
- FGF-2:
-
Fibroblast growth factor 2
- iPSCs:
-
Induced pluripotent stem cells
- KLF9:
-
Kruppel-like factor 9
- MAG:
-
Myelin-associated glycoprotein
- MBP:
-
Myelin basic protein
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
- MS:
-
Multiple sclerosis
- mRNA:
-
Messenger ribonucleic acid
- mRNAs:
-
Messenger ribonucleic acids
- NSCs:
-
Neural stem cells
- OLs:
-
Oligodendrocytes
- OPC:
-
Oligodendrocyte precursor cell
- OPCs:
-
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells
- Pal:
-
Palindromes
- PDGF-α:
-
Platelet-derived growth factor alpha
- PLP:
-
Proteolipid protein
- RXR:
-
Retinoid X receptor
- SGZ:
-
Subgranular zone
- SVZ:
-
Subventricular zone
- TH:
-
Thyroid hormone
- TR:
-
Thyroid hormone receptor
- TRE:
-
Thyroid hormone receptor element
- TREs:
-
Thyroid hormone receptor elements
- TRs:
-
Thyroid hormone receptors
- TR-α:
-
Thyroid hormone alpha receptor
- TR-β:
-
Thyroid hormone beta receptor
- V-SVZ:
-
Ventricular-subventricular zone
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31371147) and the High Education Teaching Reform Project of Chongqing (No. 132080).
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Zhang, M., Ma, Z., Qin, H. et al. Thyroid Hormone Potentially Benefits Multiple Sclerosis via Facilitating Remyelination. Mol Neurobiol 53, 4406–4416 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-015-9375-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-015-9375-z