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Activity Regulation of Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs)

Molecular Neurobiology volume 45, pages 61–75 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are the enzymes that are responsible for the A to I RNA editing process in mammals, which is an important mechanism that increases molecular diversity. A to I RNA editing consists of an enzymatic conversion of specific adenosine in pre-mRNA, leading to alteration of the properties of both the RNA itself and the translated protein. Currently, the importance of this phenomenon is increasingly recognized as it affects a diverse set of cellular pathways. ADAR function within the cell, especially in the neurons, is to diversify the features of a limited set of unique transcripts, mostly neurotransmitter receptors; however, a growing set of target is going to be discovered, increasing the importance of the RNA editing event in the proper physiology of the cell. Despite the functional relevance of these enzymes, there is a gap of knowledge in the mechanisms that regulate ADAR activity and consequently about the modulation of RNA editing process. This review summarizes ongoing investigations of ADAR regulation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational level and addresses new hypothetical mechanisms that are capable of modulating ADAR activity, including subcellular localization, dimerization and interaction with trans-acting factors.

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Acknowledgement

This work was supported by Grants from MIUR (PRIN 2009BRMW4W) and by NEDD project Regione Lombardia (ID 14546-A SAL7). We would like to thank the “Nature Publishing Group Language Editing” for revising the manuscript.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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  1. Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy

    Cesare Orlandi, Alessandro Barbon & Sergio Barlati

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  1. Cesare Orlandi
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  2. Alessandro Barbon
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  3. Sergio Barlati
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Correspondence to Sergio Barlati.

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Orlandi, C., Barbon, A. & Barlati, S. Activity Regulation of Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs). Mol Neurobiol 45, 61–75 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-011-8220-2

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Keywords

  • ADAR1
  • ADAR2
  • ADAR3
  • RNA editing
  • Post-transcriptional regulation
  • Post-translational regulation