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Reduced graphene oxide derived from urea-assisted solution combustion route and its electrochemical performance

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Abstract

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is synthesized from graphite oxide through urea-assisted solution combustion route. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a decrease in the interplanar spacing (d002) value from 8.14 to 3.44 Å on combustion due to reduction. Number of graphitic layers decreases from 58 to 9 on combustion indicating efficient exfoliation. Scanning electron micrographs reveal substantial reduction in the lateral dimension of graphitic planes from greater than ~1μm to less than ~380 nm. Raman spectroscopy studies indicate an enhancement of defects in the rGO with an ID/IG ratio of 1.19. Diminishing intensity of vibrational modes of different oxygen functional groups in the Fourier transform infrared spectrum and higher carbon to oxygen ratio of 12.13 from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate excellent reduction. N1s X-ray photoelectron spectrum confirms nitrogen doping. Electrical conductivity of rGO is 38 S m−1. The sample as an active material in a three-electrode configuration with 6 M KOH electrolyte exhibits a capacitance of 75.1 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, and 63% of it is retained even at a current density of 10 A g−1. It also exhibits 103% of its initial capacitance after 1000 cycles.

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Acknowledgements

PKG acknowledges University Grants Commission (UGC), Human Resources Development Ministry, Government of India, for financial assistance in the form of Junior Research Fellowship (Sr No. 2061651293). PK acknowledges the University of Kerala for financial assistance in the form of Research Fellowship. AMS acknowledges the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Kerala, India (KSCSTE), for financial assistance in the form of Junior Research Fellowship (No. 001/FSHP/-MAIN/2017/KSCSTE). INJ and BV acknowledge the University of Kerala, India, for funding under the project ‘Setting up of 2D Materials Lab’ and Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Kerala, India (KSCSTE), for financial assistance under the SARD scheme (Grant No. KSCSTE SARD/003/2016). We thank the Central Laboratory and Instrumentation Facility (CLIF), University of Kerala, for XRD and XPS measurements, and Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala, for FESEM measurements.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 581, India

    G Pradeep Kumar, Pinku Krishnan, M S Arsha, I N Jawahar & V Biju

  2. Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 581, India

    V Biju

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  1. G Pradeep Kumar
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Kumar, G.P., Krishnan, P., Arsha, M.S. et al. Reduced graphene oxide derived from urea-assisted solution combustion route and its electrochemical performance. Bull Mater Sci 45, 170 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-022-02751-z

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