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Dependence of the textural properties and surface species of ZnO photocatalytic materials on the type of precipitating agent used in the hydrothermal synthesis

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Abstract

Three different precipitating agents (NaOH, \(\hbox {NH}_{4}(\hbox {H})\hbox {CO}_{3}\) and \(\hbox {CO}(\hbox {NH}_{2})_{2}\)) have been applied for the hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO powder materials, aiming at obtaining various types of porosity and surface species on ZnO. The synthesis procedures were carried out in the presence and in the absence of tri-block copolymer Pluronic (P123, EO20PO70EO20). These materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), BET method and TG–differential thermal analysis (DTA) method, and their photocatalytic activities were tested in the removal azo dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5). The urea precipitant yields spongy-like surface forms and the greatest share of mesopores. It has the highest specific surface area, highest degree of crystallinity of wurtzite ZnO phase and largest content of surface OH groups in comparison with the other two precipitants. The zinc hydroxycarbonate intermediate phase is missing in the case of NaOH as precipitating agent; therefore, it manifests poorer textural characteristics. The morphology of P123-modified sample is different and consists of needle-shaped particles. The urea-precipitated samples display superior performance in the photocatalytic oxidation reaction, compared with the other precipitated samples. The other two precipitating agents are inferior in regard to their photocatalytic activity due to greater share of micropores (not well-illuminated inner surface) and different surface morphologies.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to EBR SANI for the financial support through the contract ‘Development of advanced catalytic systems applicable to chemical and photochemical processes for neutralization of environmental pollutions’.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria

    I Stambolova, V Blaskov, D Stoyanova, I Avramova & L Aleksandrov

  2. Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography ‘Academician I Kostov’, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria

    L Dimitrov

  3. Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria

    K Milenova & A Eliyas

  4. Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, St. Kliment Ohridski, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria

    K Balashev & S Simeonova

  5. Solid State Physics and Microelectronics Department, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, St. Kliment Ohridski, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria

    A Tzonev

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  1. I Stambolova
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  2. V Blaskov
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  3. D Stoyanova
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  4. I Avramova
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  6. K Milenova
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  10. L Aleksandrov
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  11. A Eliyas
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Correspondence to I Stambolova.

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Stambolova, I., Blaskov, V., Stoyanova, D. et al. Dependence of the textural properties and surface species of ZnO photocatalytic materials on the type of precipitating agent used in the hydrothermal synthesis. Bull Mater Sci 40, 483–492 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-017-1389-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-017-1389-x

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