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An Experimental Approach to the Generation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Equivalents

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Abstract

Recently, particular attention has been paid to the human embryonic stem cells (hESC) in the context of their potential application in regenerative medicine; however, ethical concerns prevent their clinical application. Induction of pluripotency in somatic cells seems to be a good alternative for hESC recruitment regarding its potential use in tissue regeneration, disease modeling, and drug screening. Since Yamanaka’s team in 2006 restored pluripotent state of somatic cells for the first time, a significant progress has been made in the area of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) generation. Here, we review the current state of knowledge in the issue of techniques applied to establish iPSC. Somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, cell extracts reprogramming, and techniques of direct reprogramming are described. Retroviral and lentiviral transduction are depicted as ways of cell reprogramming with the use of integrating vectors. Contrary to them, adenoviruses, plasmids, single multiprotein expression vectors, and PiggyBac transposition systems are examples of non-integrative vectors used in iPSC generation protocols. Furthermore, reprogramming with the delivery of specific proteins, miRNA or small chemical compounds are presented. Finally, the changes occurring during the reprogramming process are described. It is concluded that subject to some limitations iPSC could become equivalents for hESC in regenerative medicine.

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Abbreviations

ASC:

Adult stem cells

CSC:

Cancer stem cells

Dox:

Doxycycline

ESC:

Embryonic stem cells

hEC:

Human embryonic carcinoma

hESC:

Human embryonic stem cells

hiPSC:

Human-induced pluripotent stem cells

hp-iPSC:

Human protein-induced pluripotent stem cells

ICM:

Inner cell mass

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

mESC:

Mouse embryonic stem cells

MEF:

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts

OSK:

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4

miRNA:

MicroRNA

OSKM:

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc

PB:

PiggyBac

PGC:

Primordial germ cells

PSC:

Pluripotent stem cells

SC:

Stem cells

SCNT:

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

VPA:

Valproic acid

VSEL:

Very small embryonic-like stem cells

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Students Scientific Society, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

    Katarzyna Skowron

  2. Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Str., 40-752, Katowice, Poland

    Marcin Tomsia & Piotr Czekaj

Authors
  1. Katarzyna Skowron
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  2. Marcin Tomsia
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  3. Piotr Czekaj
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Correspondence to Piotr Czekaj.

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Skowron, K., Tomsia, M. & Czekaj, P. An Experimental Approach to the Generation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Equivalents. Mol Biotechnol 56, 12–37 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-013-9702-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-013-9702-4

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