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A review of effects of atorvastatin in cancer therapy

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Medical Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cancer is one of the most challenging diseases to manage. A sizeable number of researches are done each year to find better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. At the present time, a package of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy is available to cope with cancer cells. Regarding chemo-radiation therapy, low effectiveness and normal tissue toxicity are like barriers against optimal response. To remedy the situation, some agents have been proposed as adjuvants to improve tumor responses. Statins, the known substances for reducing lipid, have shown a considerable capability for cancer treatment. Among them, atorvastatin as a reductase (HMG-CoA) inhibitor might affect proliferation, migration, and survival of cancer cells. Since finding an appropriate adjutant is of great importance, numerous studies have been conducted to precisely unveil antitumor effects of atorvastatin and its associated pathways. In this review, we aim to comprehensively review the most highlighted studies which focus on the use of atorvastatin in cancer therapy.

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Data Availability

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Abbreviations

ATV/AVT/AT:

Atorvastatin

HMG-CoA:

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A

HMGCR:

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

VLDL:

Very -low-density lipoprotein

LDL-C:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

TC:

Total cholesterol

TG:

Triglycerides

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

CAT:

Catalase

GSH:

Glutathione

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

NADPH:

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

NOX:

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate oxidase

OSA:

Obstructive sleep apnea

COX-2 :

Cyclooxygenase-2

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

MEK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase

IκBα:

Nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitor alpha

IL-1:

Interleukin-1

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

apoE/LDL:

Apolipoprotein E /Low-density lipoprotein

CRP:

C-reactive protein

ACS:

Acute coronary syndrome

COPD:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

sVCAM‐1:

Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1

ADMA:

Asymmetrical dimethyl arginine

JNK:

Jun N-terminal kinases

GGPP:

Geranylgeranyldiphosphate

MEV:

Mevalonate

AKT/mTOR:

Protein kinase B /mammalian target of rapamycin

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

NLCs:

Nanostructured lipid carriers

LC3-II:

Light chain 3B-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

PC:

Prostate cancer

PARP:

Poly ADP ribose polymerase

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

MA:

Mannitol

TZB:

Trastuzumab

CCA:

Cholangiocarcinoma

DOX:

Doxorubicin

5-FU:

5-fluorouracil

Hsp70:

Heat shock protein 70

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

BC:

Breast cancer

MMP2:

Matrix metalloprotease 2

VEGFR:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

PDGFR:

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor

RAS:

Rat sarcoma virus

RAF:

Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

KRAS:

Kirsten rat sarcoma virus

PIK3:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases

PTEN:

Phosphatase and Tensin homolog

RhoA:

Ras homolog family member A

ROCK:

Rho‐associated coiled‐coil containing kinase

HDM2:

Human Double Minute-2

mRNA:

Messenger Ribonucleic acid

NBS-1:

Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome-1

TM:

Thrombomodulin

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

Cx43:

Connexin 43

miR-21:

MicroRNA-21

HIF-1:

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1

MSH2:

Mismatch repair protein 2

IR:

Ionizing Radiation

BIM:

Bcl-2-like protein 11

TKI:

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor

PT:

Phloretin

MM:

Multiple myeloma

SREBP-2:

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein

γ-TT:

γ-Tocotrienol

CXIB:

Celecoxib

SM:

Silymarin

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

GTP:

Guanosine triphosphate

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Zahra Shaghaghi

  2. Cardiovascular Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Zahra Shaghaghi & Maryam Alvandi

  3. Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Maryam Alvandi

  4. Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Heshmat Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Soghra Farzipour

  5. Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Soghra Farzipour

  6. Department of Radiology, School of Paramedicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Dehbanpour

  7. Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 Str, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland

    Sahar Nosrati

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Shaghaghi, Z., Alvandi, M., Farzipour, S. et al. A review of effects of atorvastatin in cancer therapy. Med Oncol 40, 27 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-022-01892-9

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