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Polarity Development in Oligodendrocytes: Sorting and Trafficking of Myelin Components

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Abstract

In vertebrates, myelination is required for the saltatory signal conductance along the axon. At the onset of myelination, the myelinating cells, i.e., oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, are heavily engaged in the biogenesis of membranes that are wrapped around the axon to form the myelin sheath. Although the membrane of the myelin sheath is continuous with the plasma membrane surrounding the cell body, the composition of both membrane domains is clearly distinct implying that myelinating cells are polarized cells. The coordinated manner of myelin sheath formation requires the existence of sorting and trafficking pathways to establish and maintain this highly polarized phenotype. Although in vitro data show that the formation of myelin-like membranes is an intrinsic property of oligodendrocytes, exogenous factors modulate myelination and are required for the subcompartmentation and compaction of the myelin sheath in vivo. In this paper, we discuss the sorting and trafficking of myelin proteins and lipids in oligodendrocytes in relation to polarity development and maintenance, including the role of exogenous factors, and give examples how the perturbation of trafficking pathways may contribute to the development of demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system.

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Abbreviations

CGT:

ceramide galactosyl transferase

CHAPS:

3-[(3-chloramidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane-sulfonate

CNP:

2’3’-cyclic nucleotide 3’-phosphodiesterase

CNS:

central nervous system

CNTF:

ciliary neurotrophic factor

CST:

cerebroside sulfotransferase

EAE:

experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

ECM:

extracellular matrix

ER:

endoplasmic reticulum

GalCer:

galactosylceramide

gp130:

glycoprotein130

GPI:

glycosylphosphatidyl inositol

GSL:

glycosphingolipid

ivHA:

influenza virus hemagglutinin

LIF:

leukemia inhibitory factor

MAG:

myelin associated glycoprotein

MAL:

myelin and lymphocyte protein

MARCKS:

myristoylated, alanine-rich C-kinase substrate

MBP:

myelin basic protein

MDCK:

Madin-Darby canine kidney

MOBP:

myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein

MOG:

myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

MS:

multiple sclerosis

NCAM:

neuronal cell adhesion molecule

NF155:

neurofascin isoform of 155 kDa

OLG:

oligodendrocyte

OSP:

oligodendrocyte specific protein

PDGF:

platelet derived growth factor

PKA:

protein kinase A

PKC:

protein kinase C

PLP:

proteolipid protein

PMD:

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease

PNS:

peripheral nervous system

SNARE:

soluble N-ethyl maleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor

SPG2:

spastic paraplegia type 2

TGN:

trans-Golgi network

TJ:

tight junction

TX100:

triton X-100

VSVG:

vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein

ZO-1:

zonula occludens protein 1

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Acknowledgment

Wia Baron is supported by grant 03-533MS from the Dutch MS-Research Foundation.

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  1. Department of Cell Biology / Section Membrane Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Olaf Maier, Dick Hoekstra & Wia Baron

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  1. Olaf Maier
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Correspondence to Olaf Maier.

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Maier, O., Hoekstra, D. & Baron, W. Polarity Development in Oligodendrocytes: Sorting and Trafficking of Myelin Components. J Mol Neurosci 35, 35–53 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-007-9024-8

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