Abstract
Elevated circulating cholesterol can have profound effects on the health of an individual. Such excess cholesterol can promote coronary artery disease, production and accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain, and possibly Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In a clinical trial evaluating the benefit of a cholesterol-lowering drug in the treatment of AD, mean cholesterol levels at baseline among individuals participating in the trial were found to be relatively high. Based on this observation we suggest that cholesterol levels should be actively monitored in the elderly, as many individuals with AD are over 65 years of age and therefore excluded by currently accepted guidelines.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American College of Physicians (1996) Guidelines for using serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels as screening tests for preventing coronary heart disease in adults. Ann. Int. Med. 124, 515–517.
Bales K. R., Fishman C., DeLong C., Du Y., Jordan W., and Paul S. M. (2000) Diet-induced hyperlipidemia accelerates amyloid deposition in the APPv717f transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 21, S139.
Breteler M. M., Claus J. J., Grobbee D. E., and Hofman A. (1994) Cardiovascular disease and distribution of cognitive function in elderly people: the Rotterdam study. BMJ 308, 1604–1608.
Castelli W. P. (1984) Epidemiology of coronary heart disease: the Framingham study. Am. J. Med. 76, 4–12.
Czech C., Forstl H., Hentschel F., Monning U., Besthorn C., Geiger-Kabisch C., et al. (1994) Apolipoprotein E-4 gene dose in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease: Prevalence, plasma cholesterol levels and cerebrovascular change. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 243, 291–292.
Desmond D. W., Tatemichi T. K., Paik M., and Stern Y. (1993) Risk factors for cerebrovascular disease as correlates of cognitive function in a stroke-free cohort. Arch. Neurol. 50, 162–166.
Durham R. A., Parker C. A., Emmerling M. R., Bisgaier C. L., and Walker L. C. (1998) Effect of age and diet on the expression of beta-amyloid 1–40 and 1–42 in the brains of apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice. Neurobiol. Aging 19, S281.
Evans R. M., Emsley C. L., Gao S., Sohata A., Hall K. S., Farlow M. R., and Hendrie H. (2000) Serum cholesterol, APOE genotype, and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a population-based study of African Americans. Neurology 54, 240–242.
Fishman C. E., White S. L., DeLong C. A., Cummins D. J., Jordan W. H., Bales K. R., and Paul S. M. (1999) High fat diet potentiates β-amyloid deposition in the APP V717F transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Soc. Neurosci. 25, 1859.
Garber A. M., Browner W. S., and Hulley S. B. (1996) Cholesterol screening in asymptomatic adults, revisited. Ann. Int. Med. 124, 518–531.
Grant W. B. (1997) Dietary links to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzeimer’s Dis. Rev. 2, 42–55.
Hall K. M. and Luepker R. V. (2000) Is hypercholesterolemia a risk factor and should it be treated in the elderly? Am. J. Health Promot. 14, 347–356.
Jarvik G. P., Wijsman E. M., Kukull W. A., Schellenberg G. D., Yu C., and Larson E. B. (1995) Interactions of apolipoprotein E genotype, total cholesterol level, age, sex in prediction of Alzheimer’s disease: a case-control study. Neurology 45, 1092–1096.
Jick H., Zornberg G. L., Jick S. S., Seshadri S., and Drachman D. A. (2000) Statins and the risk of dementia. Lancet 356, 1627–1631.
Kalmijn S., Launer L. J., Ott A., Witteman J. C. M., Hofman A., and Breteler M. M. B. (1997) Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam study. Ann. Neurol. 42, 776–782.
Kivipelto M., Helkala E.-L., Hallikainen M., Alhainen K., Tuomilehto J., Nissinen A., and Soininen H. (2000) Elevated systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol levels at midlive are risk factors for late-life dementia. Neurobiol. Aging 21, S174.
Kuo Y.-M., Emmerling M. R., Bisgaier C. L., Essenburg A. D., Lampert H. C., and Roher A. E. (1998) Elevated low-density lipoprotein in Alzheimer’s disease correlates with brain A-beta 1–42 levels. BBRC 252, 711–715.
Li L., Zeigler S., Lindsey R. J., and Fukuchi K. (1999) Effects of an atherogenic diet on amyloidosis in transgenic mice overexpressing the C-terminal portion of β-amyloid precurson protein. Soc. Neurosci. 25, 1859.
Mahieux F., Couderc R., Moulignier A., Bailleul S., Podrabinek N., and Laudet J. (1995) Isoform 4 of apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease. Specificity and clinical study. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 151, 231–239.
Notkola I.-L., Sulkava R., Pekkanen J., Erkinjuntti T., Ehnholm C., Kivnen P., et al. (1998) Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein Eepsilon4 allele, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroepidemiology 17, 14–20.
Petot G. J., Cook T. B., Chen C. H., Riedel T. M., Debanne S. M., Koss E., Lerner A. J., and Friedland R. P. (2000) A high fat diet during adulthood increases risk for Alzheimer’s disease for those with the ApoeE4 allele. Neurobiol. Aging 21, S246.
Prince M., Cullen M., and Mann A. (1994) Risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and dementia: a case-control study based on the MRC elderly hypertension trial. Neurology 44, 97–104.
Refolo L. M., Pappolla M. A., Malester B., LaFrancois J., Bryant-Thomas Wang R., Sambamurti K., and Duff K. (2000) Hypercholesterolemia accelerates Alzheimer’s amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model. Neurobiol. Dis. 7, 321–331.
Selkoe D. (1993) Physiological production of the β-amyloid protein and the mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease. TINS 16, 403–409.
Shie F. S., LeBoeuf R. C., Leverenz J. B., and Jin L. W. (1999) Effects of cholesterol feeding on histopathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease in β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. Soc. Neurosci. 25, 1859.
Skoog I., Lernfelt B., Landahl S., Palmertz B., Andreasson L.-A., Nilsson L., et al. (1996) 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 347, 1141–1145.
Sparks D. L. (1996) Intraneuronal β-amyloid immunoreactivity in the CNS. Neurobiol. Aging 17, 291–299.
Sparks D. L. (1997) Coronary artery disease, hypertension, ApoE, and cholesterol: a link to Alzheimer’s disease? Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 826, 128–146.
Sparks D. L., Hunsaker J. C., Scheff S. W., Kryscio R. J., Henson J. L., and Markesbery W. R. (1990) Cortical senile plaques in coronary artery disease, aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 11, 601–607.
Sparks D. L., Kou Y.-M., Roher A., Martin T. A., and Lukas R. J. (2000) Alterations of Alzheimer’s disease in the cholesterol-fed rabbit, including vascular inflammation. Preliminary observations. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 903, 335–344.
Sparks D. L., Scheff S. W., Hunsaker J. C., III Liu H., Landers T., and Gross D. R. (1994) Induction of Alzheimer-like β-amyloid immunoreactivity in the brains of rabbits with dietary cholesterol. Exp. Neurol. 126, 88–94.
Stamler J., Wentworth D., and Neaton J. D. (1986) Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart diseas continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA 256, 2823–2828.
Wilson P. W. F., Myers R. H., Larson M. G., Ordovas J. M., Wolf P. A., and Schaefer E. J. (1994) Apolipoprotein E alleles, dyslipidemia and coronary heart disease. JAMA 272, 1666–1671.
Wolozin B., Kellman W., Ruosseau P., Celesia G. G., and Siegel G. (2000) Decreased prevalence of Alzheimer disease associated with 3-Hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Arch. Neurol. 57, 1439–1443.
Wong N. D., Wilson P. W., and Kannel W. B. (1991) Serum cholesterol as a prognostic factor after myocardial infarction: The Framingham study. Ann. Intern. Med. 115, 687–693.
Zahler L. P., Holdt C. S., Gates G. E., and Keiser A. V. (1993) Nutritional care of ambulatory residents in special care units for Alzheimer’s disease. J. Nutr. Elder. 12, 5–19.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Consortia
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Larry Sparks, D., Connor, D.J., Browne, P. et al. Should the guidelines for monitoring serum cholesterol levels in the elderly be re-evaluated?. J Mol Neurosci 19, 209–212 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-002-0035-1
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-002-0035-1