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The Psychometric Properties of the Fear of Progression Questionnaire (FoP-Q) for Cancer Patients in Iran

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Fear of progression or recurrence is assumed as a rational response to the threat of cancers and types of cancer treatment. However, the elevated levels of fear in cancer patients can become dysfunctional. Therefore, a valid and reliable questionnaire is unquestionably required for this purpose. This study aimed to translate the Fear of Progression Questionnaire and evaluate its psychometric properties for patients with gastrointestinal cancers in Iran.

Methods

In this study with a methodological research design, a total number of 430 patients affected with gastrointestinal cancers referring to Northern Iran completed the 43-item Fear of Progression Questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated, including the face validity and content validity. Then construct validity was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Finally, the reliability was assessed using internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and stability (intraclass correlation coefficient).

Results

Based on the result of the face and content validity, no items were revised and removed. The five extracted factors included were emotional response, employment, and loss of independence, economy/family, and coping. These factors explained 37% of the total variance of Fear of Progression Questionnaire. Reliability (by Cronbach’s alpha) and stability (test retest was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient) were more than 0.7.

Conclusion

The study results revealed that the Persian version of the Fear of Progression Questionnaire had acceptable reliability and validity for cancer patients in Iran. Emotional responses explained the most variance of the concept of fear of progression among cancer patients.

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Availability of Data and Material

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

FOP-Q:

Fear of Progression Questionnaire

FCRI:

Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory

FRI:

Fear of Recurrence Index

FRQ:

Fear of Recurrence Questionnaire

FoP-Q-SF:

Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form

GI:

Gastrointestinal

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

CVR:

Content validity ratio

CVI:

Content Validity Index

EFA:

Exploratory factor analysis

KMO:

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Vice-Chancellor for Research and Technology of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, and patients.

Funding

This study was funded by the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (No: 6521), Sari, Iran. We declare that the funder had no role in the study design, collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data, writing of the manuscript, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Phd Educational Psychology, Research Ethics Committee, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Maryam Hasannezhad Reskati

  2. Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Center, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Forouzan Elyasi

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Forouzan Elyasi

  4. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini

  5. Gastrointestinal cancer research center, Non-communicable diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Misagh Shafizad

  6. Gastrointestinal cancer research center, Non-communicable diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran & Reza Alizadeh-Navaei

  7. Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Sahar Khosravi

  8. Psychosomatic Ward, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Mansoureh Asghari Mashhadi Kolaei

  9. Department of Physiological Nursing, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Schools of Nursing and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, USA

    Erika Sivarajan Froelicher

  10. Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Addiction Institute, Amol Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Hamid Sharif Nia

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Contributions

MHR designed the study and did the literature search, data gathering, interpreted the findings, drafting the manuscript, and editing the manuscript. RAN, AHO, and MAMK contributed in data gathering. HSHN analyzed the data, interpreted the findings, and editing the manuscript. ESF, SHH, and MSH contributed in editing the manuscript. SKH confirmation of gastrointestinal cancer and contributed in editing the manuscript. FE participated in study design, collecting the data, interpreted the findings, and editing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hamid Sharif Nia.

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Ethical Considerations

This study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of Imam Khomeini Hospital affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (IR.MAZUMS.IMAMHOSPITAL.REC.1398.158), whose authorization is available on the website of the National Committee for Ethics in Research. All study participants were also explained the risks and benefits of the study and their consent was obtained before completing the questionnaire. They were further assured that their information would remain confidential and the study data would be disseminated in groups.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Hasannezhad Reskati, M., Elyasi, F., Hosseini, S.H. et al. The Psychometric Properties of the Fear of Progression Questionnaire (FoP-Q) for Cancer Patients in Iran. J Gastrointest Canc 54, 855–866 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-022-00875-3

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