Skip to main content

Extricating the Association Between the Prognostic Factors of Colorectal Cancer

Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer volume 52, pages 1022–1028 (2021)Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the recurring and lethal gastrointestinal tract disease rankings as the primary cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. In general, the tumour node metastasis (TNM) and Dukes classification assist in diagnosis, prognosis and treatments of CRC along with haematological examinations and tumour demographic characterisations in patients.

Methods

The present investigation is carried out on clinically acknowledged sixty-five CRC patients based on haematological findings and are sorted into stages using TNM and Dukes. The present study is to find the association between haematological findings, demographic characters, differentiation position, lymph node invasion and tumour node metastasis in CRC patients in accordance with their age.

Results

We observed significant (p < 0.05) nexus between lymph node metastasis and tumour node metastasis on the basis of tumour’s differentiation demographic positioning and age of the individuals.

Conclusion

Earlier location tracing and medicinal treatment or surgery lessen the chance of CRC morbidity and mortality along with prolonging survival rate via prognostic factors and disease position determination.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price includes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1

References

  1. Wong M.C, Ding H, Wang J, Chan PS and Huang J: Prevalence and risk factors of colorectal cancer in Asia. Interest Res 17: 317-329, 2019.

  2. Torre LA, Sauer AM, Chen MS Jr, Kagawa-Singer M, Jemal A, Siegel RL. Cancer statistics for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders, 2016: converging incidence in males and females. CA-Cancer J Clin. 2016;66:182–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69:1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Younis M, Arun M, Iqbal J, Kumar M, Arun S, Cacabelos R, et al. Analysis of genetic alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in South Indian population. Int J Hum Genet. 2018;18:210–8.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Doubeni CA, Major JM, Laiyemo AO, Schootman M, Zauber AG, Hollenbeck AR, et al. Contribution of behavioral risk factors and obesity to socioeconomic differences in colorectal cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104:1353–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Favoriti P, Carbone G, Greco M, Pirozzi F, Pirozzi RE, Corcione F. Worldwide burden of colorectal cancer: a review. Updates in surgery. 2016;68:7–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Skandalakis WC and John E: Surgical anatomy and tecnique. Skandalakis Quality Medical Publishing; 1995, pp. 409.

  9. Dukes CE. The classification of cancer of the rectum. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1932;35:323–32.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Parl FF, Schonbaum CP, Cox DL, Cavener DR. Detection of estrogen receptor mRNA in human uterus. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1987;52:235–42.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Santos GF, Scott GK, Lee WM, Liu E, Benz C. Estrogen-induced post-transcriptional modulation of c-myc proto-oncogene expression in human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 1988;263:9565–8.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene F, and Trotti A: AJCC Cancer staging handbook. Springer. 2010, pp. 1-718.

  13. Figen D: Kolorektal karsinomda sınıflama ve prognostik faktörler. Türk Patoloji Derneği Mezuniyet sonrası Eğitim Toplantısı Gastrointestinal Sistem Patolojisi Günleri. Đstanbul 47–56, 2005.

  14. Alam MN, Almoyad M and Huq F: Polyphenols in colorectal cancer: current state of knowledge including clinical trials and molecular mechanism of action. Biomed Res Int 1-29, 2018.

  15. Amersi F, Agustin M, Ko CY. Colorectal cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, and health services. Clin Colon Rect Surg. 2005;18:133–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Fleming M, Ravula S, Tatishchev SF, Wang HL. Colorectal carcinoma: pathologic aspects. J Gastrointest. Oncol. 2012;3:153–73.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Puppa G, Sonzogni A, Colombari R, Pelosi G. TNM staging system of colorectal carcinoma: a critical appraisal of challenging issues. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010;134:837–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Moreira L, Balaguer F, Lindor N, de la Chapelle A, Hampel H, Aaltonen LA, et al. Identification of Lynch syndrome among patients with colorectal cancer. JAMA. 2012;308:1555–65.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Steele SR, Park GE, Johnson EK, Martin MJ, Stojadinovic A, Maykel JA, et al. The impact of age on colorectal cancer incidence, treatment, and outcomes in an equal-access health care system. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57:303–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Sudarshan V, Hussain N, Gahine R, Mourya J. Colorectal cancer in young adults in a tertiary care hospital in Chhattisgarh, Raipur. Indian J Cancer. 2013;50:337–40.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang C, Li P, Xuan J, Zhu C, Liu J, Shan L, et al. Cholesterol enhances colorectal cancer progression via ROS elevation and MAPK signaling pathway activation. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017;42:729–42.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136:E359–86.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Murphy G, Devesa SS, Cross AJ, Inskip PD, McGlynn KA, Cook MB. Sex disparities in colorectal cancer incidence by anatomic subsite, race and age. Int J Cancer. 2011;128:1668–75.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Al-Saeed EF, Tunio MA, Al-Obaid O, Abdulla M, Al-Anazi A, Al-Shanifi J, et al. Correlation of pretreatment hemoglobin and platelet counts with clinicopathological features in colorectal cancer in Saudi population. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(2):134–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Castillo-Pérez JJ. Thrombocytosis as a predictor of distant recurrence in patients with rectal cancer. Archives Med Res. 2013;44(1):77–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lee YJ, Lee HR, Nam CM, Hwang UK, Jee SH. White blood cell count and the risk of colon cancer. Yonsei Med J. 2006;47(5):646–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Karagöz B, Sücüllü I, Sayan O, Bilgi O, Tuncel T, Filiz AI, et al. Platelet indices in patients with colorectal cancer. Central European J Med. 2010;5(3):365–8.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Malenica M, Prnjavorac B, Bego T, Dujic T, Semiz S, Skrbo S. Effect of cigarette smoking on haematological parameters in healthy population. Med Arch. 2017;71(2):132–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Saidi HS, Karuri D, Nyaim EO. Correlation of clinical data, anatomical site and disease stage in colorectal cancer. East African Med J. 2008;85(6):259–62.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Khanbhai M, Shah M, Cantanhede G, Ilyas S, Richards T. The problem of anaemia in patients with colorectal cancer. ISRN Hematology. 2014;1-4.

  31. Ong ML, Schofield JB. Assessment of lymph node involvement in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Sur. 2016;8:179–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Akkoca AN, Yanık S, Özdemir ZT, Cihan FG, Sayar S, Cincin TG, et al. TNM and modified Dukes staging along with the demographic characteristics of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7:2828–35.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Kim HJ, Choi GS. Clinical implications of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer: current status and future perspectives. Ann Coloproctol. 2019;35:109–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Hamza A, Sakhi R, Khawar S, Alrajjal A, Edens J, Khurram MS, et al. Role of “second look” lymph node search in harvesting optimal number of lymph nodes for staging of colorectal carcinoma. Gastroent Res Pract. 2018;1-6.

  35. Yang L, Xiong Z, Xie Q, He W, Liu S, Kong P, et al. Prognostic value of total number of lymph nodes retrieved differs between left-sided colon cancer and right-sided colon cancer in stage III patients with colon cancer. BMC cancer. 2018;18:558–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Li Q, Zhuo C, Cai G, Li D, Liang L, Cai S. Increased number of negative lymph nodes is associated with improved cancer specific survival in pathological IIIB and IIIC rectal cancer treated with preoperative radiotherapy. Onco Targets. 2014;5:12471.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Management of Bharathiar University for providing infrastructure facilities for this research work and the subjects who volunteered to take part in this study from hospitals in and around Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Funding

Mohd Younis acknowledge the financial support from the council of DST-PURSE, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian and Arun Meyyazhagan contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Genetics and Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India

    Younis Mohd & Vijaya Anand Arumugam

  2. Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 461046, India

    Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, Arun Meyyazhagan, Haripriya Kuchi Bhotla, Suresh Kumar Shanmugam, Karthick Kumar Alagamuthu & Sasikala Keshavarao

  3. Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea

    Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian

  4. Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India

    Arun Meyyazhagan & Manikantan Pappusamy

  5. Department of Animal Resource and Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea

    Suresh Kumar Shanmugam

  6. Department of General Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry, 607403, India

    Mithun Kumar Ramesh Kumar

  7. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Karthick Kumar Alagamuthu

Authors
  1. Younis Mohd
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Arun Meyyazhagan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Haripriya Kuchi Bhotla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Suresh Kumar Shanmugam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mithun Kumar Ramesh Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Manikantan Pappusamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Karthick Kumar Alagamuthu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Sasikala Keshavarao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Vijaya Anand Arumugam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

V.A., B.B. and S.K conceived and designed the study; M.Y., A.M., B.B., K.A., S.S., M.K.R. and V.A. examined and supervised the clinical and experimental data interpretation; M.V.A., M.P., B.B. and V.A. critically revised and edited the manuscript; M.Y., A.M., K.A., H.K.B and S.S. data curation, analysed the data and drafted the manuscript; M.Y., A.M. and M.V.A., performed the statistical and writing—original draft preparation; All authors read and critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vijaya Anand Arumugam.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian and Arun Meyyazhagan are equal contributors and are first authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mohd, Y., Balasubramanian, B., Meyyazhagan, A. et al. Extricating the Association Between the Prognostic Factors of Colorectal Cancer. J Gastrointest Canc 52, 1022–1028 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-020-00535-4

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-020-00535-4

Keywords

  • Colorectal cancer
  • Haematology
  • Lymph node metastasis
  • Staging