Abstract
Introduction
GLOBOCAN 2018 data indicates the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer that is the third lethal and fourth most diagnosed cancer in the world. There has been significant progress in cancer therapy while the ability of cancerous cells to survive is one of the main challenges in cancer research. Still, conventional therapies like surgery, chemo, and radiotherapy are widely used options. Therefore, efforts put in action by researchers in the field of drug design, molecular genetics, and biomedicine to come across safer substances with the minimum unwanted side effects to be utilized in cancer treatment. Plant-derived compounds are ideal options as they might have a better outcome with minimal side effects.
Methods
In the current research, the anti-cancer effect of Syzygium cumini ethanolic extract (SCE) was evaluated on the HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line. To this end, the apoptosis rate and proliferation of HT-29 cell lines after exposure to SCE were investigated through MTT, and other methods including DNA damage assessment and scratch test also employed to evaluate the metastasis and cell migration capacity of HT-29 after treatment with SCE. Behind that, expression ration of genes involved in the process of apoptosis has been studied, including Bax and Bcl-2 that were measured by qRT-PCR.
Results
Based on the MTT test, SCE suppresses the growth of HT-29 cell lines drastically. Expression analysis of the ratio of desired genes (Bax: Bcl-2) also changed significantly after treatment by SCE. DNA damage test confirmed DNA lost its integrity and gone through apoptosis, and wound healing suggests the lower change of metastasis after treatment by SCE.
Conclusion
The outcome of this study suggests that Syzygium cumini might be contemplating as a future chemotherapeutic agent and suitable candidate for in vivo trial.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Torre LA, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Global cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends—an update. Cancer Epidemiol Prevent Biomark. 2016;25(1):16–27. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.
Gong J, Hutter CM, Newcomb PA, Ulrich CM, Bien SA, Campbell PT, et al. Genome-wide interaction analyses between genetic variants and alcohol consumption and smoking for risk of colorectal cancer. PLoS Genet. 2016;12(10):e1006296. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006296.
Engstrand J, Nilsson H, Strömberg C, Jonas E, Freedman J. Colorectal cancer liver metastases—a population-based study on incidence, management and survival. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3925-x.
Quinto CA, Mohindra P, Tong S, Bao G. Multifunctional superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for combined chemotherapy and hyperthermia cancer treatment. Nanoscale. 2015;7(29):12728–36. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR02718G.
Quandt SA, Sandberg JC, Grzywacz JG, Altizer KP, Arcury TA. Home remedy use among African American and white older adults. J Natl Med Assoc. 2015;107(2):121–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30036-5.
Fu B, Wang N, Tan HY, Li S, Cheung F, Feng Y. Multi-component herbal products in the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-associated toxicity and side effects: a review on experimental and clinical evidences. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1394. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01394.
Choudhury H, Pandey M, Hua CK, Mun CS, Jing JK, Kong L, et al. An update on natural compounds in the remedy of diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. J Tradit Complement Med. 2018;8(3):361–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.08.012.
Jagetia GC. A review on the role of jamun, Syzygium cumini skeels in the treatment of diabetes. Int J Complement Alternat Med. 2018;11(2):91–5. https://doi.org/10.15406/ijcam.2018.11.00374.
Pepato MT, Folgadol VBB, Kettelhut IC, et al. Lack of antidiabetic effect of a Eugenia jambolana leaf decoction on rat streptozotocin diabetes. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2001;34:389–95. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2001000300014.
Sharma HK, Chhangte L, Dolui AK. Traditional medicinal plants in Mizoram India. Fitoterapia. 2010;72:146–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00278-1.
Barh D, Viswanathan G (2008) Syzygium cumini inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in cervical cancer cell lines: a primary study ecancermedicalscience 2. https://doi.org/10.3332/cancer.2008.83
Benherlal PS, Arumughan C. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant studies on Syzygium cumini fruit. J Sci Food Agric. 2007;87(14):2560–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2957.
Chua LK, Lim CL, Ling APK, Chye SM, Koh RY. Anticancer potential of Syzygium species: a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2019;74(1):18–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-018-0704-z.
Wang LS, Stoner GD. Anthocyanins and their role in cancer prevention. Cancer Lett. 2008;269(2):281–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.020.
Yao S, He Z, Chen C. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing of epigenetic factors for cancer therapy. Hum Gene Ther. 2015;26(7):463–71. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2015.067.
Stone D, Niyonzima N, Jerome KR. Genome editing and the next generation of antiviral therapy. Hum Genet. 2016;135(9):1071–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-016-1686-2.
Ben-Arye E, Samuels N, Goldstein LH, Mutafoglu K, Omran S, Schiff E, et al. Potential risks associated with traditional herbal medicine use in cancer care: a study of Middle Eastern oncology health care professionals. Cancer. 2016;122(4):598–610. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29796.
Abudabos AM, Alyemni AH, Swilam EO, al-Ghadi M’Q. Comparative anticoccidial effect of some natural products against eimeria spp. infection on performance traits, intestinal lesion and occyte number in broiler. Pak J Zool. 2017;49:1989–95. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.6.1989.1995.
Lin NH, Yang HW, Su YJ, et al. Herb induced liver injury after using herbal medicine: a systemic review and case-control study. Medicine. 2019;98(13). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014992.
Kaur G, Verma N. Nature curing cancer–review on structural modification studies with natural active compounds having anti-tumor efficiency. Biotechnol Reports. 2015;6:64–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2015.01.005.
Weichselbaum RR, Liang H, Deng L, Fu YX. Radiotherapy and immunotherapy: a beneficial liaison? Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017;14(6):365–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.211.
Chhikara N, Kaur R, Jaglan S, Sharma P, Gat Y, Panghal A. Bioactive compounds and pharmacological and food applications of Syzygium cumini—a review. Food Funct. 2018;9(12):6096–115. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo00654g.
Tripathi G, Pradhan D. In-vitro anti breast cancer activity of Syzygium cumini against MCF-7 cell line Journal of innovations in pharmaceuticals and biological sciences. JIPBS. 2015;2(2):119–24.
Dutta PP, Bordoloi M, Gogoi K, Roy S, Narzary B, Bhattacharyya DR, et al. Antimalarial silver and gold nanoparticles: green synthesis, characterization and in vitro study. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;91:567–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.032.
Charepalli V, Reddivari L, Vadde R, Walia S, Radhakrishnan S, Vanamala J. Eugenia jambolana (Java plum) fruit extract exhibits anti-cancer activity against early stage human HCT-116 colon cancer cells and colon cancer stem cells. Cancers. 2016;8(3):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers8030029.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khodavirdipour, A., Zarean, R. & Safaralizadeh, R. Evaluation of the Anti-cancer Effect of Syzygium cumini Ethanolic Extract on HT-29 Colorectal Cell Line. J Gastrointest Canc 52, 575–581 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-020-00439-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-020-00439-3