Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant disruptions in healthcare systems worldwide, with Varanasi, India, experiencing profound challenges in managing mortality rates. In order to inform public health initiatives, it is important to comprehend how the pandemic has affected all-cause unnatural death in comparison to pre-pandemic patterns. This retrospective study intended to investigate patterns of all-cause unnatural mortality employing autopsy records of cases from Varanasi's Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University during the pre-pandemic and pandemic period (First and Second wave) of COVID-19. The analysis included 2694 cases of unnatural mortality, such as road traffic accident (RTA), poisoning, hanging and other causes. Demographic, clinical, and circumstantial data were collected and compared between the two time periods, that revealed significant as well as non-significant shifts in all-cause unnatural mortality rates. Whilst certain types of unnatural deaths, such as RTAs, witnessed a non-significant 2.03% (p = 0.34722) decrease, others like hanging exhibited an unexpected significant 3.17% (p = 0.01732) rise, burning and poisoning witnessed a significant 4.18% (p = 0.00026) and 2.37% (p = 0.0271) decline respectively. RTA was the leading cause of mortality both during and before pandemic. Male deaths (79.18%) outweighed female deaths (20.82%) by a more substantial amount throughout research periods. Additionally, variations in demographic characteristics, circumstances surrounding deaths, and healthcare utilization were observed during the pandemic period. The majority of unnatural fatalities occur in the age group of 21–30 years old in both pre-pandemic (22.62%) and pandemic conditions (26.65%). This study provides important insights into the secondary effects of the pandemic on unnatural mortality and emphasizes the need for individualized public health. Furthermore, research is warranted to explore the long-term implications and address the associated challenges for healthcare systems and public health initiatives.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Panda BK, Mishra US. Unnatural death in India. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2020;367–78. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021932020000231.
Road traffic injuries [Internet]. World health organization. 2022 [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries.
Patel V, Ramasundarahettige C, Vijayakumar L, Thakur J, Gajalakshmi V, Gururaj G, et al. Suicide mortality in India: a nationally representative survey. Lancet. 2012;379:2343–51.
Sikary AK. Homicidal poisoning in India: A short review. J Forensic Leg Med. 2019;61:13–6.
Uddin R, Burton NW, Maple M, Khan SR, Khan A. Suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts among adolescents in 59 low-income and middle-income countries: a population-based study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3:223–33.
National Crime Records Beauro. Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India 2022 [Internet]. New Delhi; 2022. Available from: https://ncrb.gov.in/accidental-deaths-suicides-in-india-year-wise.html?year=2022&keyword=.
Mohan Kumar TS, Kanchan T, Yoganarasimha K, Pradeep KG. Profile of unnatural deaths in Manipal, Southern India 1994–2004. J Clin Forensic Med. 2006;13:117–20.
Kumar S, Verma A. RETRACTED: A study of elderly unnatural deaths in medico-legal autopsies at Lucknow locality. Med Sci Law. 2014;54:127–31.
Hanley B, Lucas SB, Youd E, Swift B, Osborn M. Autopsy in suspected COVID-19 cases. J Clin Pathol. 2020;73:239–42.
Maiese A, Manetti AC, La Russa R, Di Paolo M, Turillazzi E, Frati P, et al. Autopsy findings in COVID-19-related deaths: a literature review. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2021;17:279–96.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic [Internet]. World health organization. [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Available from: https://www.who.int/europe/emergencies/situations/covid-19.
COVID-19 Dashboard [Internet]. Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). [cited 2023 Jun 1]. Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html.
Soni P. Effects of COVID-19 lockdown phases in India: an atmospheric perspective. Environ Dev Sustain. 2021;23:12044–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01156-4.
Ranganathan P, Khatib K, Dixit S, Joshi A, Singh S, Deshmukh A, et al. The second- vs first-wave COVID-19: More of the same or a lot worse? a comparison of mortality between the two waves in patients admitted to intensive care units in nine hospitals in Western Maharashtra. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2021;25:1343–8. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24042.
Sarkar A, Chakrabarti A, Dutta S. Covid-19 infection in India: a comparative analysis of the second wave with the first wave. Pathogens. 2021;10:1222.
Kar SK, Ransing R, Arafat SMY, Menon V. Second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India: Barriers to effective governmental response. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100915.
Indian Culture [Internet]. Government of India. [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Available from: https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2790202.
Varanasi Sees First Covid-19 Death, Samples Test Positive Day after Man Passes Away at BHU Hospital [Internet]. News 18. 2020 [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Available from: https://www.news18.com/news/india/varanasi-sees-first-covid-19-death-samples-test-positive-day-after-man-passes-away-at-bhu-hospital-2565359.html.
Excess Mortality Estimates by WHO. Press Information Bureau (PIB, New Delhi), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,Government of India. 2022. Available from: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1823012.
Acosta RJ, Patnaik B, Buckee C, Kiang MV, Irizarry RA, Balsari S, et al. All-cause excess mortality across 90 municipalities in Gujarat, India, during the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020-April 2021). Barberia LG, editor. PLOS Global Public Health. 2022;2:e0000824.
Arya V, Page A, Spittal MJ, Dandona R, Vijayakumar L, Munasinghe S, et al. Suicide in India during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2022;307:215–20.
Acknowledgements
We sincerely appreciate the support and contribution of Dr. (Prof.) Girish Singh, BHU for the statistical analysis of data and revision of the manuscript for accuracy. We also thank to Dr. Ramkrishna Mishra, Senior Scientific Officer, FSL, Jharkhand, for inculcating the ideas regarding this study.
Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Jyotsana Singh and Ambrish Kumar contributed to study concept and design, data collection and analysis, all aspects of manuscript drafting and revisions including figures, and tables. Surendra Kumar Pandey contributed to the study concept and design, supervision, interpreting the results, and critical revisions of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical statement
N/A.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, J., Kumar, A. & Pandey, S.K. Autopsy-based all-cause unnatural mortality during pre-pandemic and pandemic of COVID-19 in Varanasi, India: a retrospective analysis. Forensic Sci Med Pathol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-024-00825-4
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-024-00825-4