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The worldwide prevalence of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults among adult-onset diabetic individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

Purpose

The actual global burden of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA) remains unknown even though its prevalence is almost equal to the type 1 form of diabetes. Hence the present systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to estimate the prevalence of LADA among diabetic individuals using the studies published at global levels.

Methods

A comprehensive literature revival was performed to identify articles on the prevalence of LADA published till 2023. The prevalence estimates were calculated using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models with a heterogeneity measure by Cochrane Q and I2 statistics. Publication bias was assessed by the Doi plot and Luis Furuya-Kanamori asymmetry index (LFKindex). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The overall pooled prevalence of LADA obtained from a total of 51,725 diabetic individuals was found to be 8.9% (95%CI 7.5–10.4, P < 0.001) with a prevalence range of 2.3% in to 18.9% in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain respectively. Subgroup analysis of LADA in the context of the IDF geographic regions showed a higher prevalence in North America (13.5%), 9.5% in Middle East and North Africa, 9.4% in Africa, 9.2% in South East Asia, 8.3% in Western Pacific and the lowest prevalence of 7.0% in Europe.

Conclusion

The Meta-analysis revealed a worldwide prevalence of LADA as 8.9%, with the highest prevalence in Bahrain and the lowest in United Arab Emirates. Further, the higher prevalence in some IDF regions and the inconsistent association between socioeconomic status and LADA recommend more research in the future.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge all the authors of the research articles used for the analysis, for providing comprehensive data on the prevalence and its estimates.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India

    Deepika Ramu & Solomon F. D. Paul

  2. Bioscience Research Foundation, Chennai, India

    Selvaraj Ramaswamy

  3. Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology- Madras, Chennai, India

    Suresh Rao

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  1. Deepika Ramu
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  2. Selvaraj Ramaswamy
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  3. Suresh Rao
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  4. Solomon F. D. Paul
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All authors have contributed significantly to this paper; Deepika RAMU, has given the substantial contribution in designing the work, analysis, interpretation of the data and drafting the manuscript. Selvaraj R and Suresh R, have contributed revision of manuscript and interpretation of results. Revision and final approval of the version to be published and the primary responsibility for communication with the journal during manuscript submission was done by Solomon F.D. Paul. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Ramu, D., Ramaswamy, S., Rao, S. et al. The worldwide prevalence of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults among adult-onset diabetic individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine 82, 28–41 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-023-03424-5

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