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Smell–taste dysfunctions in extreme weight/eating conditions: analysis of hormonal and psychological interactions

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Abstract

(1) The objective of this study is to analyze differences in smell–taste capacity between females in extreme weight/eating conditions (EWC) and (2) to explore the interaction between smell/taste capacity, gastric hormones, eating behavior and body mass index (BMI). The sample comprised 239 females in EWC [64 Anorexia nervosa (AN) and 80 age-matched healthy-weight controls, and 59 obese and 36 age-matched healthy-weight controls]. Smell and taste assessments were performed through “Sniffin’ Sticks” and “Taste Strips,” respectively. The assessment measures included the eating disorders inventory-2, the symptom check list 90-revised, and The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, as well as peptides from the gastrointestinal tract [Ghrelin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin]. Smell capacity was differentially associated across EWC groups. Smell was clearly impaired in obese participants and increased in AN (hyposmia in Obesity was 54.3 and 6.4 % in AN), but taste capacity did not vary across EWC. Ghrelin levels were significantly decreased in obese subjects and were related to smell impairment. EWC individuals showed a distinct smell profile and circulating ghrelin levels compared to controls. Smell capacity and ghrelin may act as moderators of emotional eating and BMI.

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Acknowledgments

This manuscript was supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria FIS PI11/210, FIS PI14/290 and CIBERobn) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). CIBERObn is an initiative of ISCIII. Jose C. Fernández-García is recipient of a ‘Rio Hortega’ contract from ‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III,’ Madrid, Spain (CM12/00059). L. Garrido-Sánchez is supported by a fellowship from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS) “Miguel Servet I” MS13/00188-CP13/00188. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain

    Fernando Fernández-Aranda, Zaida Agüera, Cristina Giner-Bartolomé, Mohamed A. Islam, Susana Jiménez-Murcia, José M. Menchón, Ana B. Fagundo & Carolina Sancho

  2. CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain

    Fernando Fernández-Aranda, Zaida Agüera, Jose C. Fernández-García, Lourdes Garrido-Sanchez, Francisco J. Tinahones, Cristina Giner-Bartolomé, Rosa M. Baños, Cristina Botella, Ausias Cebolla, Rafael de la Torre, Jose M. Fernández-Real, Francisco J. Ortega, Gema Frühbeck, Javier Gómez-Ambrosi, Roser Granero, Mohamed A. Islam, Susana Jiménez-Murcia, Ana B. Fagundo & Felipe F. Casanueva

  3. Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Fernando Fernández-Aranda, Susana Jiménez-Murcia & José M. Menchón

  4. Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain

    Jose C. Fernández-García, Lourdes Garrido-Sanchez, Juan Alcaide-Torres & Francisco J. Tinahones

  5. Department of Psychological, Personality, Evaluation and Treatment of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Rosa M. Baños

  6. Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain

    Cristina Botella & Ausias Cebolla

  7. Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

    Rafael de la Torre

  8. Integrated Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain

    Rafael de la Torre

  9. Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain

    Jose M. Fernández-Real & Francisco J. Ortega

  10. Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain

    Gema Frühbeck & Javier Gómez-Ambrosi

  11. Departament of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Roser Granero & Salomé Tárrega

  12. CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain

    José M. Menchón

  13. Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain

    Xavier Estivill

  14. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain

    Xavier Estivill

  15. Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK

    Janet Treasure

  16. Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario U. de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela University, Choupana Street sn, PO Box 563, 15780, Santiago, Spain

    Felipe F. Casanueva

Authors
  1. Fernando Fernández-Aranda
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  2. Zaida Agüera
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  3. Jose C. Fernández-García
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  4. Lourdes Garrido-Sanchez
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  5. Juan Alcaide-Torres
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  6. Francisco J. Tinahones
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  7. Cristina Giner-Bartolomé
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  8. Rosa M. Baños
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  9. Cristina Botella
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  10. Ausias Cebolla
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  11. Rafael de la Torre
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  12. Jose M. Fernández-Real
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  13. Francisco J. Ortega
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  14. Gema Frühbeck
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  15. Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
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  16. Roser Granero
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  17. Mohamed A. Islam
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  18. Susana Jiménez-Murcia
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  19. Salomé Tárrega
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  20. José M. Menchón
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  21. Ana B. Fagundo
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  22. Carolina Sancho
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  23. Xavier Estivill
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  24. Janet Treasure
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  25. Felipe F. Casanueva
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Fernando Fernández-Aranda or Felipe F. Casanueva.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest associated with this manuscript.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Ethics Committee of all the institutions involved and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Fernández-Aranda, F., Agüera, Z., Fernández-García, J.C. et al. Smell–taste dysfunctions in extreme weight/eating conditions: analysis of hormonal and psychological interactions. Endocrine 51, 256–267 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-015-0684-9

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