Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Unusual effects of GH deficiency in adults: a review about the effects of GH on skin, sleep, and coagulation

  • Review
  • Published:
Endocrine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Based on the literature data in the last two decades, growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in adults has been accepted as a clinical entity. Due to the presence of GH and IGF-I receptors throughout the body, the physiological effects of the GH-IGF-I axis are still under investigation. The effects of GH on skin, sleep, and coagulation parameters in adults have only been investigated in detail only in the recent years. In this review, our aim was to summarize the literature regarding the effects of GHD and GH replacement treatment on the skin, sleep, and coagulation parameters in adults.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R.C. Cuneo, F. Salomon, G.A. McGauley, P.H. Sonksen, The growth hormone deficiency syndrome in adults. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 37, 387–397 (1992)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. G. Amato, C. Carella, S. Fazio, G. La Montagna, A. Cittadini, D. Sabatini, C. Marciano-Mone, L. Sacca, A. Bellastella, Body composition, bone metabolism, and heart structure and function in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after GH replacement therapy at low doses. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77, 1671–1676 (1993)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. B.A. Bengtsson, S. Eden, L. Lonn, H. Kvist, A. Stokland, G. Lindstedt, I. Bosaeus, J. Tolli, L. Sjostrom, O.G. Isaksson, Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76, 309–317 (1993)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. C. Gazzaruso, M. Gola, I. Karamouzis, R. Giubbini, A. Giustina, Cardiovascular risk in adult patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency and following substitution with GH—an update. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 18–29 (2014)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Gola, S. Bonadonna, M. Doga, A. Giustina, Clinical review: growth hormone and cardiovascular risk factors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 1864–1870 (2005)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. M. Gola, A. Giustina, Growth hormone deficiency and cardiovascular risk: do we need additional markers? Endocrine 42, 240–242 (2012)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. L. Li, W. Ren, J. Li, J. Liu, L. Wang, X. Zheng, D. Liu, S. Li, R. Souvenir, J. Tang, Increase in serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is correlated with increase in cardiovascular risk factors in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Endocrine 42, 375–381 (2012)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. H. de Boer, G.J. Blok, H.J. Voerman, M. Phillips, J.A. Schouten, Serum lipid levels in growth hormone-deficient men. Metabolism 43, 199–203 (1994)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. F. Tanriverdi, K. Unluhizarci, M. Kula, M. Guven, F. Bayram, F. Kelestimur, Effects of 18-month of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in patients with Sheehan’s syndrome. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 15, 231–237 (2005)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. F. Tanriverdi, N.K. Eryol, H. Atmaca, K. Unluhizarci, I. Ozdogru, I. Sarikaya, F. Bayram, F. Kelestimur, The effects of 12 months of growth hormone replacement therapy on cardiac autonomic tone in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 62, 706–712 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. V. Ekbote, A. Khadilkar, S. Chiplonkar, Z. Mughal, V. Khadilkar, Enhanced effect of zinc and calcium supplementation on bone status in growth hormone-deficient children treated with growth hormone: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Endocrine 43, 686–695 (2013)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. A. Giustina, G. Mazziotti, E. Canalis, Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr. Rev. 29, 535–559 (2008)

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. G. Mazziotti, A. Bianchi, S. Bonadonna, M. Nuzzo, V. Cimino, A. Fusco, L. De Marinis, A. Giustina, Increased prevalence of radiological spinal deformities in adult patients with GH deficiency: influence of GH replacement therapy. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21, 520–528 (2006)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. F. Prodam, G. Aimaretti, Could zinc supplementation improve bone status in growth hormone (GH) deficient children? Endocrine 43, 467–468 (2013)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Gibney, J.D. Wallace, T. Spinks, L. Schnorr, A. Ranicar, R.C. Cuneo, S. Lockhart, K.G. Burnand, F. Salomon, P.H. Sonksen, D. Russell-Jones, The effects of 10 years of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in adult GH-deficient patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 2596–2602 (1999)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Slominski, J. Wortsman, Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocr. Rev. 21, 457–487 (2000)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. F. Kelestimur, Sheehan’s syndrome. Pituitary 6, 181–188 (2003)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. H.L. Sheehan, Postpartum necrosis of the anterior pituitary. J. Pathol. 45, 189–214 (1937)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. H.J. Schneider, G. Aimaretti, I. Kreitschmann-Andermahr, G.K. Stalla, E. Ghigo, Hypopituitarism. Lancet 369, 1461–1470 (2007)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. F. Tanriverdi, A. De Bellis, H. Ulutabanca, A. Bizzarro, A.A. Sinisi, G. Bellastella, P.V. Amoresano, M.L. Dalla, A. Selcuklu, K. Unluhizarci, F.F. Casanueva, F. Kelestimur, A five year prospective investigation of anterior pituitary function after traumatic brain injury: is hypopituitarism long-term after head trauma associated with autoimmunity? J. Neurotrauma 30, 1426–1433 (2013)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. P.E. Lobie, W. Breipohl, D.T. Lincoln, J. Garcia-Aragon, M.J. Waters, Localization of the growth hormone receptor/binding protein in skin. J. Endocrinol. 126, 467–471 (1990)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. S.R. Oakes, K.M. Haynes, M.J. Waters, A.C. Herington, G.A. Werther, Demonstration and localization of growth hormone receptor in human skin and skin fibroblasts. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75, 1368–1373 (1992)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. J.A. Batch, F.A. Mercuri, S.R. Edmondson, G.A. Werther, Localization of messenger ribonucleic acid for insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in human skin by in situ hybridization. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79, 1444–1449 (1994)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. A. Tavakkol, J.T. Elder, C.E. Griffiths, K.D. Cooper, H. Talwar, G.J. Fisher, K.M. Keane, S.K. Foltin, J.J. Voorhees, Expression of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor mRNA and proteins in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 99, 343–349 (1992)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. M. Borlu, Z. Karaca, H. Yildiz, F. Tanriverdi, B. Demirel, G. Elbuken, I. Cakir, H.S. Dokmetas, R. Colak, K. Unluhizarci, F. Kelestimur, Acromegaly is associated with decreased skin transepidermal water loss and temperature, and increased skin pH and sebum secretion partially reversible after treatment. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 22, 82–86 (2012)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. A. Jadresic, L.M. Banks, D.F. Child, L. Diamant, F.H. Doyle, T.R. Fraser, G.F. Joplin, The acromegaly syndrome. Relation between clinical features, growth hormone values and radiological characteristics of the pituitary tumours. Q. J. Med. 51, 189–204 (1982)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. J.D. Nabarro, Acromegaly. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 26, 481–512 (1987)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. P.V. Carroll, E.R. Christ, B.A. Bengtsson, L. Carlsson, J.S. Christiansen, D. Clemmons, R. Hintz, K. Ho, Z. Laron, P. Sizonenko, P.H. Sonksen, T. Tanaka, M. Thorne, Growth hormone deficiency in adulthood and the effects of growth hormone replacement: a review. Growth Hormone Research Society Scientific Committee. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 382–395 (1998)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. S.A. Pedersen, K. Welling, K.F. Michaelsen, J.O. Jorgensen, J.S. Christiansen, N.E. Skakkebaek, Reduced sweating in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Lancet 2, 681–682 (1989)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. K. Main, K.O. Nilsson, N.E. Skakkebaek, Influence of sex and growth hormone deficiency on sweating. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 51, 475–480 (1991)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. K.M. Main, D.A. Price, M.O. Savage, N.E. Skakkebae, Decreased sweating in seven patients with Laron syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77, 821–823 (1993)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. A. Juul, A. Behrenscheer, T. Tims, B. Nielsen, J. Halkjaer-Kristensen, N.E. Skakkebaek, Impaired thermoregulation in adults with growth hormone deficiency during heat exposure and exercise. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 38, 237–244 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. A. Juul, N. Hjortskov, L.T. Jepsen, B. Nielsen, J. Halkjaer-Kristensen, N. Vahl, J.O. Jorgensen, J.S. Christiansen, N.E. Skakkebaek, Growth hormone deficiency and hyperthermia during exercise: a controlled study of sixteen GH-deficient patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80, 3335–3340 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. J.C. Ives, M. Alderman, S.E. Stred, Hypopituitarism after multiple concussions: a retrospective case study in an adolescent male. J. Athl. Train. 42, 431–439 (2007)

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. F. Tanriverdi, K. Unluhizarci, B. Coksevim, A. Selcuklu, F.F. Casanueva, F. Kelestimur, Kickboxing sport as a new cause of traumatic brain injury-mediated hypopituitarism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 66, 360–366 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  36. F. Tanriverdi, K. Unluhizarci, I. Kocyigit, I.S. Tuna, Z. Karaca, A.C. Durak, A. Selcuklu, F.F. Casanueva, F. Kelestimur, Brief communication: pituitary volume and function in competing and retired male boxers. Ann. Intern. Med. 148, 827–831 (2008)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. S.B. Sneppen, K.M. Main, A. Juul, L.M. Pedersen, L.O. Kristensen, N.E. Skakkebaek, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, Sweat secretion rates in growth hormone disorders. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 53, 601–608 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. R. Choudhry, M.B. Hodgins, T.H. Van der Kwast, A.O. Brinkmann, W.J. Boersma, Localization of androgen receptors in human skin by immunohistochemistry: implications for the hormonal regulation of hair growth, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. J. Endocrinol. 133, 467–475 (1992)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. K. Sato, W.H. Kang, K. Saga, K.T. Sato, Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 20, 537–563 (1989)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. J.M. Lundberg, B. Hedlund, T. Bartfai, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide enhances muscarinic ligand binding in cat submandibular salivary gland. Nature 295, 147–149 (1982)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. W. Hasan, T. Cowen, P.S. Barnett, E. Elliot, P. Coskeran, P.M. Bouloux, The sweating apparatus in growth hormone deficiency, following treatment with r-hGH and in acromegaly. Auton. Neurosci. 89, 100–109 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. M. Lange, J. Thulesen, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, N.E. Skakkebaek, N. Vahl, J.O. Jorgensen, J.S. Christiansen, S.S. Poulsen, S.B. Sneppen, A. Juul, Skin morphological changes in growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 145, 147–153 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. D. Deplewski, R.L. Rosenfield, Role of hormones in pilosebaceous unit development. Endocr. Rev. 21, 363–392 (2000)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. F. Kelestimur, GH deficiency and the degree of hypopituitarism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 42, 443–444 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Borlu, F. Tanriverdi, C.A. Koc, K. Unluhizarci, S. Utas, F. Kelestimur, The effects of severe growth hormone deficiency on the skin of patients with Sheehan’s syndrome. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 21, 199–204 (2007)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. F. Tanriverdi, M. Borlu, H. Atmaca, C.A. Koc, K. Unluhizarci, S. Utas, F. Kelestimur, Investigation of the skin characteristics in patients with severe GH deficiency and the effects of 6 months of GH replacement therapy: a randomized placebo controlled study. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 65, 579–585 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. D. Deplewski, R.L. Rosenfield, Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors have different effects on sebaceous cell growth and differentiation. Endocrinology 140, 4089–4094 (1999)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. A.R. Buz’Zard, Q. Peng, B.H. Lau, Kyolic and Pycnogenol increase human growth hormone secretion in genetically-engineered keratinocytes. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 12, 34–40 (2002)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. G. Broniarczyk-Dyla, E. Joss-Wichman, Ageing of the skin during menopause. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 15, 494–495 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. D.R. Clemmons, M. Molitch, A.R. Hoffman, A. Klibanski, C.J. Strasburger, D.L. Kleinberg, K. Ho, S.M. Webb, M.D. Bronstein, R. Bouillon, A. Ben Shlomo, A.H. Hamrahian, P. Chanson, A.L. Barkan, G.R. Merriam, M.R. Blackman, R. Salvatori, Growth hormone should be used only for approved indications. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 409–411 (2014)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. S.R. Edmondson, S.P. Thumiger, G.A. Werther, C.J. Wraight, Epidermal homeostasis: the role of the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor systems. Endocr. Rev. 24, 737–764 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. A. Steiger, Sleep, endocrinology. J. Intern. Med. 254, 13–22 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. E. Van Cauter, L. Plat, G. Copinschi, Interrelations between sleep and the somatotropic axis. Sleep 21, 553–566 (1998)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. C. Gronfier, G. Brandenberger, Ultradian rhythms in pituitary and adrenal hormones: their relations to sleep. Sleep Med. Rev. 2, 17–29 (1998)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. K. Spiegel, R. Leproult, E.F. Colecchia, M. L’Hermite-Baleriaux, Z. Nie, G. Copinschi, E. Van Cauter, Adaptation of the 24-h growth hormone profile to a state of sleep debt. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 279, R874–R883 (2000)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. E. Van Cauter, A. Caufriez, M. Kerkhofs, A. Van Onderbergen, M.O. Thorner, G. Copinschi, Sleep, awakenings, and insulin-like growth factor-I modulate the growth hormone (GH) secretory response to GH-releasing hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74, 1451–1459 (1992)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. E.D. Weitzman, Biologic rhythms and hormone secretion patterns. Hosp. Pract. 11, 79–86 (1976)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. F. Obal Jr, R. Floyd, L. Kapas, B. Bodosi, J.M. Krueger, Effects of systemic GHRH on sleep in intact and hypophysectomized rats. Am. J. Physiol. 270, E230–E237 (1996)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. L. Marshall, M. Molle, G. Boschen, A. Steiger, H.L. Fehm, J. Born, Greater efficacy of episodic than continuous growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) administration in promoting slow-wave sleep (SWS). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 1009–1013 (1996)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. A. Steiger, J. Guldner, U. Hemmeter, B. Rothe, K. Wiedemann, F. Holsboer, Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin on sleep EEG and nocturnal hormone secretion in male controls. Neuroendocrinology 56, 566–573 (1992)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. F. Obal Jr, P. Alfoldi, A.B. Cady, L. Johannsen, G. Sary, J.M. Krueger, Growth hormone-releasing factor enhances sleep in rats and rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 255, R310–R316 (1988)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. J. Zhang, F. Obal Jr, T. Zheng, J. Fang, P. Taishi, J.M. Krueger, Intrapreoptic microinjection of GHRH or its antagonist alters sleep in rats. J. Neurosci. 19, 2187–2194 (1999)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. M. Kerkhofs, E. Van Cauter, A. Van Onderbergen, A. Caufriez, M.O. Thorner, G. Copinschi, Sleep-promoting effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone in normal men. Am. J. Physiol. 264, E594–E598 (1993)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. B. Perras, L. Marshall, G. Kohler, J. Born, H.L. Fehm, Sleep and endocrine changes after intranasal administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone in young and aged humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 24, 743–757 (1999)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. S. Mathias, K. Held, M. Ising, J.C. Weikel, A. Yassouridis, A. Steiger, Systemic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) impairs sleep in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32, 1021–1027 (2007)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. G. Copinschi, A. Nedeltcheva, R. Leproult, L.L. Morselli, K. Spiegel, E. Martino, J.J. Legros, R.E. Weiss, J. Mockel, E. Van Cauter, Sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95, 2195–2202 (2010)

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. J. Zhang, F. Obal Jr, J. Fang, B.J. Collins, J.M. Krueger, Non-rapid eye movement sleep is suppressed in transgenic mice with a deficiency in the somatotropic system. Neurosci. Lett. 220, 97–100 (1996)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. C. Astrom, Interaction between sleep and growth hormone. Evaluated by manual polysomnography and automatic power spectrum analysis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 92, 281–296 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. W.B. Mendelson, S. Slater, P. Gold, J.C. Gillin, The effect of growth hormone administration on human sleep: a dose-response study. Biol. Psychiatry 15, 613–618 (1980)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. C. Astrom, J. Lindholm, Growth hormone-deficient young adults have decreased deep sleep. Neuroendocrinology 51, 82–84 (1990)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. S. Ismailogullari, F. Tanriverdi, F. Kelestimur, M. Aksu, Sleep architecture in Sheehan’s syndrome before and 6 months after growth hormone replacement therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34, 212–219 (2009)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. L.L. Morselli, A. Nedeltcheva, R. Leproult, K. Spiegel, E. Martino, J.J. Legros, R.E. Weiss, J. Mockel, E. Van Cauter, G. Copinschi, Impact of GH replacement therapy on sleep in adult patients with GH deficiency of pituitary origin. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 168, 763–770 (2013)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. W. Nolte, C. Radisch, A. Rodenbeck, J. Wiltfang, M. Hufner, Polysomnographic findings in five adult patients with pituitary insufficiency before and after cessation of human growth hormone replacement therapy. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 56, 805–810 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Y. Peker, J. Svensson, J. Hedner, L. Grote, G. Johannsson, Sleep apnoea and quality of life in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after 6 months of GH replacement therapy. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 65, 98–105 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. H.J. Schneider, H. Oertel, H. Murck, T. Pollmacher, G.K. Stalla, A. Steiger, Night sleep EEG and daytime sleep propensity in adult hypopituitary patients with growth hormone deficiency before and after six months of growth hormone replacement. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, 29–37 (2005)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. B. Bulow, L. Hagmar, Z. Mikoczy, C.H. Nordstrom, E.M. Erfurth, Increased cerebrovascular mortality in patients with hypopituitarism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 46, 75–81 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. B. Bulow, L. Hagmar, J. Eskilsson, E.M. Erfurth, Hypopituitary females have a high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and an increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 574–584 (2000)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. E.M. Erfurth, B. Bulow, J. Eskilsson, L. Hagmar, High incidence of cardiovascular disease and increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in women with hypopituitarism not receiving growth hormone treatment: preliminary results. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 9(Suppl A), 21–24 (1999)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. T. Rosen, B.A. Bengtsson, Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet 336, 285–288 (1990)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. A. Sartorio, M. Cattaneo, P. Bucciarelli, B. Bottasso, S. Porretti, P. Epaminonda, G. Faglia, M. Arosio, Alterations of haemostatic and fibrinolytic markers in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency and with acromegaly. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 108, 486–492 (2000)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. J. Guevara-Aguirre, P. Balasubramanian, M. Guevara-Aguirre, M. Wei, F. Madia, C.W. Cheng, D. Hwang, A. Martin-Montalvo, J. Saavedra, S. Ingles, R. de Cabo, P. Cohen, V.D. Longo, Growth hormone receptor deficiency ıs associated with a major reduction in pro-aging signaling, cancer, and diabetes in humans. Sci. Transl. Med. 16, 70ra13 (2011)

  82. M.H. Aguiar-Oliveira, F.T. Oliveira, R.M. Pereira, C.R. Oliveira, A. Blackford, E.H. Valenca, E.G. Santos, M.B. Gois-Junior, R.A. Meneguz-Moreno, V.P. Araujo, L.A. Oliveira-Neto, T.F. Lopes, E.O. Rodrigues, L.A. Porto, I.P. Oliveira, E.V. Melo, M. Martari, R. Salvatori, Longevity in untreated congenital growth hormone deficiency due to a homozygous mutation in the GHRH receptor gene. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 295, 714–721 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  83. M. Franchini, G. Lippi, F. Manzato, P.P. Vescovi, G. Targher, Hemostatic abnormalities in endocrine and metabolic disorders. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 162, 439–451 (2010)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. F. Tanriverdi, A. Gul, I. Gul, N.K. Eryol, K. Unluhizarci, F. Kelestimur, Massive cardiac thrombosis in a patient with Sheehan’s syndrome. Endocr. J. 52, 709–714 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. L.S. Savendahl, K. Grankvist, K.G. Engstrom, Growth hormone deficiency impairs blood clotting and reduces factor VII coagulant activity in rat. Thromb. Haemost. 73, 626–629 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. P. Bubber, K.P. Singh, S. Arora, D.D. Bansal, Effect of growth hormone on fibrinolytic system in rat. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 36, 514–516 (1998)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. A. Hamsten, U. de Faire, G. Walldius, G. Dahlen, A. Szamosi, C. Landou, M. Blomback, B. Wiman, Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet 2, 3–9 (1987)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. W.B. Kannel, New perspectives on cardiovascular risk factors. Am. Heart J. 114, 213–219 (1987)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. F.B. Smith, A.J. Lee, F.G. Fowkes, J.F. Price, A. Rumley, G.D. Lowe, Hemostatic factors as predictors of ischemic heart disease and stroke in the Edinburgh Artery Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17, 3321–3325 (1997)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. J.K. Devin, L.S. Blevins Jr, D.K. Verity, Q. Chen, J.R. Bloodworth Jr, J. Covington, D.E. Vaughan, Markedly impaired fibrinolytic balance contributes to cardiovascular risk in adults with growth hormone deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 3633–3639 (2007)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. J.O. Johansson, K. Landin, L. Tengborn, T. Rosen, B.A. Bengtsson, High fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in growth hormone-deficient adults. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 434–437 (1994)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. J. Kvasnicka, J. Marek, T. Kvasnicka, V. Weiss, M. Markova, J. Stepan, A. Umlaufova, Increase of adhesion molecules, fibrinogen, type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and orosomucoid in growth hormone (GH) deficient adults and their modulation by recombinant human GH replacement. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 52, 543–548 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. M. Margaglione, G. Cappucci, M. d’Addedda, D. Colaizzo, N. Giuliani, G. Vecchione, G. Mascolo, E. Grandone, G. Di Minno, PAI-1 plasma levels in a general population without clinical evidence of atherosclerosis: relation to environmental and genetic determinants. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18, 562–567 (1998)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. M.N. Di Minno, S. Pezzullo, V. Palmieri, C. Di Somma, R. Lupoli, D. Valle, G. Lombardi, G. Di Minno, Protein C and protein S changes in GH-deficient adults on r-HGH replacement therapy: correlations with PAI-1 and t-PA plasma levels. Thromb. Res. 126, e434–e438 (2010)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. J.O. Johansson, K. Landin, G. Johannsson, L. Tengborn, B.A. Bengtsson, Long-term treatment with growth hormone decreases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator in growth hormone-deficient adults. Thromb. Haemost. 76, 422–428 (1996)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. I. Cakir, F. Tanriverdi, Z. Karaca, L. Kaynar, B. Eser, K. Unluhizarci, F. Kelestimur, Evaluation of coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters in adult onset GH deficiency and the effects of GH replacement therapy: a placebo controlled study. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 22, 17–21 (2012)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. D. Miljic, P. Miljic, M. Doknic, S. Pekic, M. Djurovic, M. Colovic, V. Popovic, Changes in prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time during replacement therapy with human recombinant growth hormone in growth hormone deficient adults. Hormones (Athens) 5, 187–191 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  98. T.A. Elhadd, T.A. Abdu, J. Oxtoby, G. Kennedy, M. McLaren, R. Neary, J.J. Belch, R.N. Clayton, Biochemical and biophysical markers of endothelial dysfunction in adults with hypopituitarism and severe GH deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 4223–4232 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. J.M. Gomez, M. Sahun, R. Vila, P. Domenech, P. Catalina, J. Soler, L. Badimon, Peripheral fibrinolytic markers, soluble adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines and endothelial function in hypopituitary adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 64, 632–639 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. J.M. Gomez, M. Sahun, R. Vila, P. Domenech, P. Catalina, J. Soler, L. Badimon, Elevation of E-selectin concentrations may correlate with potential endothelial dysfunction in individuals with hypopituitarism during therapy with growth hormone. Curr. Neurovasc. Res. 4, 55–62 (2007)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. J.C. Smith, H.A. Lane, J. Lewis, S. Dann, J. Goodfellow, P. Collins, L.M. Evans, M.F. Scanlon, J.S. Davies, Endothelial function and coagulant factors in growth hormone-treated hypopituitary adults receiving desmopressin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 2152–2156 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. S. Bergamaschi, C. Giavoli, E. Ferrante, A. Lania, R. Rusconi, A. Spada, P. Beck-Peccoz, Growth hormone replacement therapy in growth hormone deficient children and adults: effects on hemochrome. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 29, 399–404 (2006)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey

    F. Tanriverdi, Z. Karaca, K. Unluhizarci & F. Kelestimur

Authors
  1. F. Tanriverdi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Z. Karaca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. Unluhizarci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. F. Kelestimur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to F. Kelestimur.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tanriverdi, F., Karaca, Z., Unluhizarci, K. et al. Unusual effects of GH deficiency in adults: a review about the effects of GH on skin, sleep, and coagulation. Endocrine 47, 679–689 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-014-0276-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-014-0276-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation