Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the ultrasonographic (US) characteristics and ultrasound elastography (UE) patterns on the probability of a nondiagnostic result when performing ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (UG-FNA) cytological sampling of solid thyroid nodules larger than 10 mm, to determine the efficacy of needle tip localization in UG-FNA. We retrospectively reviewed the cytological results of 710 samples from 355 patients. We compared the US characteristics and UE patterns between nodules with nondiagnostic and diagnostic results, using univariate and multivariate analyses. Among the 710 samples, 81 samples (11.4 %) from 41 patients had nondiagnostic results. According to multivariate analysis, the combinations of hypoechogenicity with avascularity [odds ratio (OR) = 2.42; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.37–3.72; p < 0.05], hypoechogenicity with the “hard pattern” (OR = 2.12; 95 % CI 1.58–4.59; p < 0.05), and hypoechogenicity with avascularity and the hard pattern (OR = 2.61; 95 % CI 1.40–5.21; p < 0.05) were risk factors that increased the incidence of nondiagnostic results in UG-FNA. UG-FNA was more likely to yield nondiagnostic results when the needle tip sampling region displayed hypoechogenicity and avascularity in US and the hard pattern in UE.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S.Z. Ali, E.S. Cibas, The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology: definitions, criteria and explanatory notes (Springer, New York, 2009)
X.J. Cai, N. Valiyaparambath, P. Nixon, A. Waghorn, T. Giles, T. Helli-well, Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Cytopathology. 17, 251–256 (2006)
E.K. Alexander, J.P. Heering, C.B. Benson, M.C. Frates, P.M. Doubilet, E.S. Cibas, E. Marqusee, Assessment of non-diagnostic ultrasound guided fine needle aspirations of thyroid nodules. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 4924–4927 (2002)
D.W. Kim, E.J. Lee, S.H. Kim, T.H. Kim, S.H. Lee, D.H. Kim, M.H. Rho, Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules: comparison in efficacy according to nodule size. Thyroid. 19, 27–31 (2009)
B. Degirmenci, A. Haktanir, R. Albayrak, M. Acar, D.A. Sahin, O. Sahin, A. Yucel, G. Caliskan, Sonographically guided fine-needle biopsy of thyroid nodules: the effects of nodule characteristics, sampling technique, and needle size on the adequacy of cytological material. Clin. Radiol. 62, 798–803 (2007)
H. Gharib, J.R. Goellner, Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: an appraisal. Ann. Intern. Med. 118, 282–289 (1993)
L.S. Chow, H. Gharib, J.R. Goellner, J.A. van Heerden, Nondiagnostic thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology: management dilemmas. Thyroid. 11, 1147–1151 (2001)
E.K. Alexander, J.P. Heering, C.B. Benson, M.C. Frates, P.M. Doubilet, E.S. Cibas, E. Marqusee, Assessment of nondiagnostic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirations of thyroid nodules. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 4924–4927 (2002)
H.J. Moon, J.Y. Kwak, E.K. Kim, M.J. Kim, Ultrasonographic characteristics predictive of non-diagnostic results for fine-needle aspiration biopsies of thyroid nodules. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 37, 549–555 (2011)
M.F. Inci, F. Ozkan, M. Yüksel, I. Salk, M. Sahin, The effects of sonographic and demographic features and needle size on obtaining adequate cytological materialin sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Endocrine 43, 424–429 (2013)
E.K. Kim, C.S. Park, W.Y. Chung, K.K. Oh, D.I. Kim, J.T. Lee, H.S. Yoo, New sonographic criteria for recommending fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid nodules of the thyroid. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 178, 687–691 (2002)
L.J. Layfield, E.S. Cibas, H. Gharib, S.J. Mandel, Thyroid aspiration cytology: current status. CA Cancer J. Clin. 59, 99–110 (2009)
B.A. Crothers, M.R. Henry, P. Firat, U.M. Hamper, Non-diagnostic/unsatisfactory, in The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Definitions, criteria and explanatory notes, ed. by S.Z. Ali, E.S. Cibas (Springer, Philadelphia, 2010), pp. 5–14
H.M. Ko, I.K. Jhu, S.H. Yang, J.H. Lee, J.H. Nam, S.W. Juhng, C. Choi, Clinicopathologic analysis of fine needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid: a review of 1,613 cases and correlation with histopathologic diagnoses. Acta Cytol. 47, 727–732 (2003)
N. Nasrollah, P. Trimboli, L. Guidobaldi, D.D. Cicciarella Modica, C. Ventura, G. Ramacciato, S. Taccogna, F. Romanelli, S. Valabrega, A. Crescenzi, Thin core biopsy should help to discriminate thyroid nodules cytologically classified as indeterminate. A new sampling technique. Endocrine. 43, 659–665 (2013)
Y.S. Choi, S.W. Hong, J.Y. Kwak, H.J. Moon, E.K. Kim, Clinical and ultrasonographic findings affecting nondiagnostic results upon the second fine needle aspiration for thyroid nodules. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 19, 2304–2309 (2012)
Z.W. Baloch, E.S. Cibas, D.P. Clark, L.J. Layfield, B.M. Ljung, M.B. Pitman, A. Abati, The National Cancer Institute Thyroid fine needle aspiration state of the science conference: a summation. CytoJournal. 5, 6 (2008)
M.J. Kim, E.K. Kim, S.I. Park, B.M. Kim, J.Y. Kwak, S.J. Kim, J.H. Youk, S.H. Park, US-guided fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules: indications, techniques, results. Radiographics. 28, 1869–1886 (2008)
S.J. Chen, S.N. Yu, J.E. Tzeng, Y.T. Chen, K.Y. Chang, K.S. Cheng, F.T. Hsiao, C.K. Wei, Characterization of the major histopathological components of thyroid nodules using sonographic textural features for clinical diagnosis and management. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 35, 201–208 (2009)
L. Leenhardt, G. Hejblum, B. Franc, L.D. Fediaevsky, T. Delbot, D. Le Guillouzic, F. Ménégaux, C. Guillausseau, C. Hoang, G. Turpin, A. Aurengo, Indications and limits of ultrasound-guidedcytology in the management of nonpalpable thyroid nodules. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 24–28 (1999)
S.J. Chen, C.Y. Chang, K.Y. Chang, J.E. Tzeng, Y.T. Chen, C.W. Lin, W.C. Hsu, C.K. Wei, Classification of the thyroid nodules based on characteristicsonographic textural feature and correlated histopathology using hierarchical support vector machines. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 36, 2018–2026 (2010)
S.L. Jung, C.K. Jung, S.H. Kim, B.J. Kang, K.J. Ahn, B.S. Kim, M.I. Ahn, D.J. Im, J.S. Bae, S.K. Chuang, Histopathologic findings related to the indeterminate or inadequate results of fine-needle aspiration biopsy and correlation with ultrasonographic findings in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Korean J. Radiol. 11, 141–148 (2010)
X. Fu, L. Guo, H. Zhang, W. Ran, P. Fu, Z. Li, W. Chen, L. Jiang, J. Wang, J. Jia, “Focal thyroid inferno” on color Doppler ultrasonography: a specific feature of focal Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Eur. J. Radiol. 81, 3319–3325 (2012)
R.L. Titton, D.A. Gervais, G.W. Boland, M.M. Maher, P.R. Mueller, Sonography and sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid gland: indications and techniques, pearls and pitfalls. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 181, 267–271 (2003)
P. Rausch, K. Nowels, R.B. Jeffrey Jr, Ultrasonographicallyguided thyroid biopsy: a review with emphasis on technique. J. Ultrasound Med. 20, 79–85 (2001)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Grant H201227 from the Planned Project of Jiangsu Province Health Department.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest related to this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, H., Zhang, B., Zang, Y. et al. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for solid thyroid nodules larger than 10 mm: correlation between sonographic characteristics at the needle tip and nondiagnostic results. Endocrine 46, 272–278 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-0042-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-0042-8