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Sex hormone replacement in Turner syndrome

Endocrine volume 41, pages 200–219 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

The cardinal features of Turner syndrome (TS) are short stature, congenital abnormalities, infertility due to gonadal dysgenesis, with sex hormone insufficiency ensuing from premature ovarian failure, which is involved in lack of proper development of secondary sex characteristics and the frequent osteoporosis seen in Turner syndrome. But sex hormone insufficiency is also involved in the increased cardiovascular risk, state of physical fitness, insulin resistance, body composition, and may play a role in the increased incidence of autoimmunity. Severe morbidity and mortality affects females with Turner syndrome. Recent research emphasizes the need for proper sex hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during the entire lifespan of females with TS and new hypotheses concerning estrogen receptors, genetics and the timing of HRT offers valuable new information. In this review, we will discuss the effects of estrogen and androgen insufficiency as well as the effects of sex HRT on morbidity and mortality with special emphasis on evidence based research and areas needing further studies.

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Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark

    Christian Trolle, Britta Hjerrild, Kristian H. Mortensen & Claus H. Gravholt

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Hillerød Hospital, 3400, Hillerød, Denmark

    Line Cleemann

  3. Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK

    Kristian H. Mortensen

  4. Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark

    Claus H. Gravholt

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  1. Christian Trolle
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  2. Britta Hjerrild
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  3. Line Cleemann
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  4. Kristian H. Mortensen
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  5. Claus H. Gravholt
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Correspondence to Claus H. Gravholt.

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Trolle, C., Hjerrild, B., Cleemann, L. et al. Sex hormone replacement in Turner syndrome. Endocrine 41, 200–219 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-011-9569-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-011-9569-8

Keywords

  • Bone Mineral Density
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy
  • Turner Syndrome
  • Premature Ovarian Failure
  • Cortical Bone Mineral Density