Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Decreasing hormonal promotion is key to breast cancer prevention

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Endocrine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An early full-term pregnancy in women is highly protective against breast cancer. This protection can be mimicked by short-term treatment with estradiol plus progesterone in nulliparous rats. We determined the effect of long-term hormonal promotion following the protective short-term estradiol and progesterone treatment that mimics parity protection against mammary tumors. Rats were treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea before or after protective hormone treatment. In brief, the animals could be broadly classified into three categories. First, the controls that received no protective hormone treatment, second, the short-term protective hormone treated rats, and third, rats which received the short-term protective hormone treatment plus continuous treatment with estradiol or progesterone or a combination of estradiol and progesterone. Different doses of hormones were used for short-term protective and long-term promotion treatments. The experiments were terminated 9 months post carcinogen treatment. Mammary tumor incidence in all the short-term estradiol- plus progesterone-treated rats was significantly lower compared with controls. Short-term hormone treatment followed by long-term promotion resulted in an increased mammary tumor incidence compared with animals that received only the short-term treatment. Overall, the results demonstrate the importance of the promotional environment in mammary carcinogenesis indicating that the decreased promotional environment could be the reason for protection against mammary carcinogenesis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. B. MacMahon, P. Cole, T.M. Lin, C.R. Lowe, A.P. Mirra, B. Ravnihar, E.J. Salber, V.G. Valaoras, S. Yuasa, Bull. WHO 43, 209–221 (1970)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. B.E. Henderson, D. Powell, I. Rosario, C. Keys, R. Hanisch, M. Young, J. Casagrande, V. Gerkins, M.C. Pike, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53, 609–614 (1974)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. J.L. Kelsey, M.D. Gammon, E.M. John, Epidemiol. Rev. 15, 36–47 (1993)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. C.W. Welsch, Cancer Res. 45, 3415–3443 (1985)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. R.C. Moon, Int. J. Cancer 4, 312–317 (1969)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. I.H. Russo, J. Russo, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 61, 1439–1449 (1978)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. D.K. Sinha, J.E. Pazik, T.L. Dao, Br. J. Cancer 57, 390–394 (1988)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. J. Marchant, J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 70, 415–418 (1955)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Medina, G.H. Smith, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91, 967–969 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. J. Russo, I.H. Russo, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 3, 353–364 (1994)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. I.H. Russo, J. Russo, Euro. J. Cancer Prev. 3, 101–111 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  12. M.C. Yu, V.R. Gerkins, B.E. Henderson, J.B. Brown, M.C. Pike, Br. J. Cancer 43, 826–831 (1981)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. H.G. Kwa, F. Cleton, R.D. Bulbrook, D.Y. Wang, J.L. Hayward, Int. J. Cancer 28, 31–34 (1981)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. V.C. Musey, D.C. Collins, P.I. Musey, D. Martino-Saltzman, J.R. Preedy, N. Engl. J. Med. 316, 229–234 (1987)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. R.S. Bridges, L.F. Felicio, L.J. Pellerin, A.M. Stuer, P.E. Mann, Life Sci. 53, 439–445 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. P.E. Mann, R.S. Bridges, Brain Res. 580, 241–248 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. G. Thordarson, E. Jin, R.C. Guzman, S.M. Swanson, S. Nandi, F. Talamantes, Carcinogenesis 16, 2847–2853 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. S.M. Swanson, R.C. Guzman, G. Collins, P. Tafoya, G. Thordarson, F. Talamantes, S. Nandi, Cancer Lett. 90, 171–181 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. S.M. Swanson, R.C. Guzman, K. Christov et al., Carcinogenesis 15, 1341–1346 (1994)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. C.M. D’Cruz, S.E. Moody, S.R. Master, J.L. Hartman, E.A. Keiper, M.B. Imielinski, J.D. Cox, J.Y. Wang, S.I. Ha, B.A. Keister, L.A. Chodosh, Mol. Endocrinol. 16, 2034–2051 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. G. Thordarson, K. Van Horn, R.C. Guzman, S. Nandi, F. Talamantes, Carcinogenesis 22, 1027–1033 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. T.J. Abrams, R.C. Guzman, S.M. Swanson, G. Thordarson, F. Talamantes, S. Nandi, Anticancer Res. 18, 4115–4121 (1998)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. I.H. Russo, M. Koszalka, P.A. Gimotty, J. Russo, Br. J. Cancer 62, 243–247 (1990)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. C. Huggins, R.C. Moon, S. Morii, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 48, 379–386 (1962)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. C.J. Grubbs, D.R. Farnell, D.L. Hill, K.C. McDonough, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 74, 927–931 (1985)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. D. Medina, F.S. Kittrell, Cancer Res. 63, 6140–6143 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. R.C. Guzman, J. Yang, L. Rajkumar, G. Thordarson, X. Chen, S. Nandi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 2520–2525 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. L. Rajkumar, R.C. Guzman, J. Yang, G. Thordarson, F. Talamantes, S. Nandi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 11755–11759 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. D. Medina, L. Sivaraman, S.G. Hilsenbeck, O. Conneely, M. Ginger, J. Rosen, B.W. Omalley, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 952, 23–35 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. M.R. Ginger, M.F. Gonzalez-Rimbau, J.P. Gay, J.M. Rosen, Mol. Endocrinol. 15, 1993–2009 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. J.W. Liu, D.D. Dawson, C.E. Peters, M.A. Baker, A.M. Walker, Endocrine 6, 125–131 (1997)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. J. Yang, K. Yoshizawa, S. Nandi, A. Tsubura, Carcinogenesis 20, 623–628 (1999)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA

    Lakshmanaswamy Rajkumar, Amy Canada, David Esparza, Katherine Collins, Enrique Moreno & Huyen Duong

Authors
  1. Lakshmanaswamy Rajkumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Amy Canada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David Esparza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Katherine Collins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Enrique Moreno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Huyen Duong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lakshmanaswamy Rajkumar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rajkumar, L., Canada, A., Esparza, D. et al. Decreasing hormonal promotion is key to breast cancer prevention. Endocr 35, 220–226 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-009-9155-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-009-9155-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation