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Making Sense of the Highly Variable Effects of Alcohol on Bone

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Abstract

Alcohol consumption is often reported to influence bone health in a dose-dependent manner where moderate alcohol intake is deemed beneficial and heavy drinking detrimental. However, this relationship may not be valid for individual alcohol consumers, as small quantities of alcohol can have detrimental skeletal effects and not all studies report clinically relevant bone loss with long-duration alcohol abuse. These discrepant findings suggest that factors beyond quantity of alcohol consumed contribute to the observed skeletal response. We propose that the interplay between intrinsic factors (e.g., age, sex, skeletal site) and extrinsic factors (e.g., age of onset of drinking, duration of drinking, comorbidities) influence the precise impact of alcohol consumption on bone health. In this review, we summarize literature reporting the effects of alcohol on the human skeleton. Based on the finding that alcohol alters the circulating levels of dozens of peptides shown to influence bone metabolism, we arrive at the conclusion that no single unifying mechanism adequately explains the diversity of reports or successfully predicts individuals most likely to be impacted favorably or unfavorably by alcohol consumption. We propose that a more holistic approach—in which drinking pattern and intrinsic factors are accounted for—is required to better understand and respond to the end-organ effects of alcohol on the skeleton.

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Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (AA02689 to UTI and AA013510, AA13641, and AA109431 to KAG).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Russell T. Turner, Lara H. Sattgast & Urszula T. Iwaniec

  2. Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Russell T. Turner & Urszula T. Iwaniec

  3. Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, OR, 97006, Beaverton, USA

    Vanessa A. Jimenez & Kathleen A. Grant

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  1. Russell T. Turner
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Turner, R.T., Sattgast, L.H., Jimenez, V.A. et al. Making Sense of the Highly Variable Effects of Alcohol on Bone. Clinic Rev Bone Miner Metab 19, 1–13 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-021-09277-8

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