Abstract
Telomeres, at the ends of chromosomes and strands of genetic material, become shorter as cells divide in the process of aging. Telomere length has been considered as a biological marker of age. Telomere length shortening has also been evidenced as the causable role in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It has been demonstrated that telomere shortening has been associated with cognitive impairment, amyloid pathology and hyper-phosphorylation of tau in AD and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD via the mechanism of oxidative stress and inflammation. However, it seems that there is no relationship between telomere shortening and AD. Therefore, it is essential for further clarification of telomere-related pathogenesis in AD.
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Abbreviations
- Aβ :
-
Beta-amyloid
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- APP:
-
Amyloid precursor protein
- BACE:
-
Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme
- BBB:
-
Blood brain barrier
- BFB:
-
Breakage/fusion/bridge cycle
- CADASIL:
-
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy and leukoencephalopathy
- COPD:
-
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Cox-2:
-
Cyclooxygenase 2
- CRP:
-
C-reactive protein
- CVD:
-
Cardiovascular disease
- eNOS:
-
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- ICAM-1:
-
Inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- GM-CSF:
-
Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HD:
-
Huntington’s disease
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- LIF:
-
Leukemia inhibitory factor
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- IRAK:
-
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase
- IRE:
-
Iron-responsive element
- LRP-1:
-
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCI:
-
Mild cognitive impairment
- MCP-1:
-
Macrophage chemoattractant protein 1
- MDS:
-
Myelodysplastic syndromes
- MMPs:
-
Matrix metalloproteinases
- MMSE:
-
Mini Mental Status Examination
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor-kappa B
- NFT:
-
Neurofibrillary tangles
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- OSA:
-
Obstructive sleep apnea
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- RAGE:
-
Receptor for advanced glycation end products
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SAS:
-
Sleep apnea syndrome
- TGF-β :
-
Transforming growth factor beta
- TNF-α :
-
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TNFR:
-
Tumor necrosis factor receptor
- TRADD:
-
TNF receptor-associated death domain
- 8-oxodG:
-
8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China Grant (81070878/H0902) to Prof. Bin Zhao.
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Cai, Z., Yan, LJ. & Ratka, A. Telomere Shortening and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuromol Med 15, 25–48 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-012-8207-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-012-8207-9