Abstract
There have been enormous strides in our understanding of autoimmunity. These strides have come under the umbrellas of epidemiology, immunological phenotype and function, disease definitions and classification and especially new therapeutic reagents. However, while these advances have been herculean, there remains enormous voids. Some of these voids include genetic susceptibility and the interaction of genes and environment. The voids include induction of tolerance in preclinical disease and definitions of host susceptibility and responses to the expensive biologic agents. The voids include the so-called clustering of human autoimmune diseases and the issues of whether the incidence is rising in our western society. Other voids include the relationships between microbiology, vaccination, gut flora, overzealous use of antibiotics, and the role of nanoparticles and environmental pollution in either the induction or the natural history of disease. One cannot even begin to address even a fraction of these issues. However, in this special issue, we are attempting to discuss clinical issues in autoimmunity that are not usually found in generic reviews. The goal is to bring to the readership provocative articles that ultimately will lead to improvement in patient care.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shepshelovitch D, Shoenfeld Y (2005) Prediction and prevention of autoimmune diseases—additional aspects of the mosaic of autoimmunity. Lupus 15:183–190
Shoenfeld Y, Carp HJA, Molina V, Blank M, Cervera R, Balasch J, Tincani A, Faden D, Lojacono A, Doria A, Konova E, Meroni PL (2006) Autoantibodies and prediction of reproductive failure. Amer J of Reproduct Immunol 56:337–344
Shoenfeld Y, Blank M, Abu-Shakra M, Amital H, Barzilai O, Berkun Y, Bizzaro N, Gilburd B, Zandman-Goddard G, Katz U, Krause I, Langevitz P, Mackay IR, Orbach H, Ram M, Sherer Y, Toubi E, Gershwin ME (2008) The mosaic of autoimmunity: prediction, autoantibodies, and therapy in autoimmune diseases—2008. IMAJ 10:13–19
Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y (2008) Prediction and prevention of autoimmune skin disorders. Arch Dermatol Res 301:57–64
Arnson Y, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y (2007) Vitamin D and autoimmunity: new etiological and therapeutical considerations. Ann Rheum Dis 66:1137–1142
Carvalho ZF, Blank M, Kiss E, Tarr T, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y (2007) Anti-vitamin D, vitamin D in SLE preliminary results. Ann NY Acad Sci 1109:550–557
Orbach H, Zandman-Goddard G, Amital H, Barak B, Szekaanecz Z, Szucs G, Danko K, Nagy E, Csepany T, Carvalho JF, Doria A, Shoenfeld Y (2007) Novel biomarkers in autoimmune diseases: prolactin, ferritin, vitamin D and TPA levels in autoimmune diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci 1109:385–400
Shoenfeld N, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y (2009) The effect of melanism and vitamin D synthesis on the incidence of autoimmune disease. Nature Rheumatol 5:99–105
Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, autoimmunity, and vitamin D. Clin Rev Allerg Immunol 38:169–177
Amital H, Szekanecz Z, Szücs G, Dankó K, Nagy E, Csépány T, Kiss E, Doria A, Corocher N, Agmon-Levin N, Orbach H, Barak V, Zandman-Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Serum concentrations of 25-OH vitamin D in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are inversely related to disease activity: is it time to routinely supplement patients with SLE with vitamin D? Ann Rheum Dis 69:1155–1157
Toubi E, Shoenfeld Y (2010) The role of vitamin D in regulating immune responses. Isr Med Assoc J 12:174–5
Souberbielle J-C, Body J-J, Laappe JM, Plebani M, Shoenfeld Y, Wang TJ, Bischoff-Ferrari A, Cavalier E, Ebeling PR, Fardellone P, Gandini S, Gruson D, Guerin AP, Heickendorff L, Hollis BW, Ish-Shalom S, Gullaume J, von Landenberg P, Largura A, Olsson T, Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Pilz S, Tincani A, Valcour A, Zittermann A (2010) Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev 9:709–715
Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, Zandman-Goddard G, Orbach H, Meroni PL, Tincani A, Doria A, Cervera R, Miesbach W, Stojanovich L, Barak V, Porat-Katz BS, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y (2011) Vitamin D: an instrumental factor in the anti-phospholipid syndrome by inhibition of tissue factor expression. Ann Rheum Dis 20:145–150
Oren Y, Shapira Y, Agmon-levin N, Kivity S, Zafrir Y, Altman A, Lerner A, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Vitamin D insufficiency in a sunny environment: a demographic and seasonal analysis. IMAJ 12:751–756
Arnson Y, Amital H, Agmon-Levin N, Alon D, Sanchez-Castanon M, Lopez-Hoyos M, Matucci-Cerinic M, Szuces G, Shapira Y, Szekanecz Z, Shoenfeld Y (2011) Serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations are linked with various clinical aspects in patients with systemic sclerosis: a retrospective cohort study and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 10:490–494
Kivity S, Agmon-Levin N, Zisappl M, Shapira Y, Nagy EV, Danko K, Szekanecz Z, Langevitz P, Shoenfeld Y (2011) Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 8:243–7
Lerner A, Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Pacht A, Ben-Ami Shor D, Lopez HM, Sanchez-Castanon M, Shoenfeld Y (2011) The clinical significance of 25OH-vitamin D status in Celiac disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-010-8237-8.
Hajas A, Sandor J, Casathy L, Csipo I, Barath S, Paragh G, Seres I, Szegedi G, Shoenfeld Y, Bodolay E (2011) Vitamin D insufficiency in a large MCTD population. Autoimmun Rev 10:317–24
Shoenfeld Y, Gilburd B, Abu-Shakra M, Amital H, Barzilai O, Berkun Y, Blank M, Zandman-Goddard G, Katz U, Krause I, Langevitz P, Levy Y, Orbach H, Pordeus V, Ram M, Sherer Y, Toubi E, Tomer Y (2008) The mosaic of autoimmunity: genetic factors involved in autoimmune diseases—2008. IMAJ 10:3–7
Shoenfeld Y, Zandman-Goddard G, Stojanovich L, Cutolo M, Amital H, Levy Y, Abu-Shakra M, Barzilai O, Berkun Y, Blank M, de Carvalho JF, Doria A, Gilburd B, Katz U, Krause I, Langevitz P, Orbach H, Pordeus V, Ram M, Toubi E, Sherer Y (2008) The mosaic of autoimmunity: hormonal and environmental factors involved in autoimmune diseases—2008. IMAJ 10:8–12
Barzilai O, Sherer Y, Ram M, Izhaky D, Anaya JM, Shoenfeld Y (2007) Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in autoimmune diseases are they truly notorious? a preliminary report. Ann NY Acad Sci 1108:567–577
Zandman-Goddard G, Berkun Y, Barzilai O, Boaz M, Blank M, Ram M, Sherer Y, Anaya JM, Shoenfeld Y (2009) Exposure to Epstein–Barr virus infection is associated with mild systemic lupus erythematosus disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1173:658–663
Pender MP (2009) Preventing and curing multiple sclerosis by controlling Epstein–Barr virus infection. Autoimmun Rev 8:563–8
Youinou P, Pers JO, Gershwin ME, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Geo-epidemiology and autoimmunity. J Autoimmunity 34:J163–J167, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Defining and analyzing geoipedemiology and human autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 34:J168–J177, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Hoffmann MH, Trembleau S, Muller S, Steiner G (2010) Nucleic acid-autoantigens: pathogenic involvement and therapeutic potential. J Autoimmun 34:J178–J206, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Brooks WH, Dantec CL, Pers JO (2010) Epigenetics and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 34:J207–J219, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
JL Rou d, OwConnell RM, Mazmanian SK (2010) Coordination of tolerogenic immune responses by the commensal microbiota. J Autoimmun 34:J220–J225, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Powel JJ, Faeia N, Thomas-Mckay E, Pele LC (2010) Origin and fate of dietary nanoparticles and microparticles in the gastrointestinal tract. J Autoimmun 34:J226–J233, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM. (Guest Editors). The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Chang C (2010) The immune effects of naturally occurring and synthetic nanoparticles. J Autoimmun 34:J224–J246, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Maverakis E, Miyamura Y, Bowen MP, Correa G, Ono Y, Goodarzi H (2010) Light, including ultraviolet. J Autoimmun 34:J247–J257, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Arnson Y, Shoenfeld Y, Amital H (2010) Effects of tobacco on immunity, inflammation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 34:J258–J265, Published in Book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Chang C, Gershwin ME (2010) Drugs and autoimmunity—a contemporary review and mechanistic approach. J Autoimmun 34:J266–J275, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Chen M, Daha MR, Kallenberg CGM (2010) The complement system in systemic autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 34:276–J286, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Borchers AT, Maguwa SM, Keen CL, Gershwin ME (2010) The implications of autoimmunity and pregnancy. J Autoimmun 34:J287–J299, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Invernizzi P (2010) Geoepidemiology of autoimmune liver diseases. J Autoimmun 34:J300–J306, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Hemminki K, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (2010) The epidemiology of Graves' disease: evidence of a genetic and an environmental contribution. J Autoimmun 34:J307–J313, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Chandran V, Raycheudhuri SP (2010) Geoepidemiology and environmental factors of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Autoimmun 34:J314–J321, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Tomer Y (2010) Hepatitis C and interferon induced thyroiditis. J Autoimmun 34:J322–J326, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Zeki AA, Schivo M, Chan AL, Hardin KA, Kenyon NJ, Albertson TE, Rosenquist GL, Louie S (2010) Geoepidemiology of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Autoimmun 34:J327–J338, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Selmi C (2010) The worldwide gradient of autoimmune conditions. Autoimmun Rev 9:A247–A250, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Mackay IR (2010) Travels and travails of autoimmunity: A historical journey from discovery to rediscovery. Autoimmun Rev 9:A251–A258, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Lleo A, Invernizzi P, Gao B, Podda M, Gershwin ME (2010) Definition of human autoimmunity—autoantibodies versus autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 9:A259–A266, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM. (Guest Editors). The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Selmi C, Tsuneyama K (2010) Nutrition geoepidemiology, and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 9:A267–A270, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors). The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Stojanovich L (2010) Stress and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 9:A271–A276, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Tobon GJ, Youinou P, Saraux A (2010) The environment, geo-epidemiology, and autoimmune disease: rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 9:A288–A292, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors). The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Chen M, Kallenberg CGM (2010) The environment, geoepidemiology and ANCA-associated vasculitides. Autoimmun Rev 9:A293–A298, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Biggioggero M, Meroni PL (2010) The geoepidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 9:A299–A304, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Mavragani CP, Moutsopoulos HM (2010) The geoepidemiology of Sjogren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 9:A305–A310, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Ranque B, Mouthon L (2010) Geoepidemiology of systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 9:A311–A318, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Berkun Y, Padeh S (2010) Environmental factors and the geoepidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 9:A319–A324, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Ehrenfeld M (2010) Geoepidemiology: the environment and spondyloarthropathies. Autoimmun Rev 9:A325–A329, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM. (Guest Editors). The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Prieto S, Grau JM (2010) The geoepidemiology of autoimmune muscle disease. Autoimmun Rev 9:A330–A334, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Sands J, Tuscano JM (2010) Geoepidemiology and autoimmune manifestations of lymphoproliferative disorders. Autoimmun Rev 9:A335–A341, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Deane S, Teuber SS, Gershwin ME (2010) The geoepidemiology of immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Autoimmun Rev 9:A342–A349, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam,The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Lambert JF, Nydegger UE (2010) Geoepidemiology of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Autoimmun Rev 9:A350–A354, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Borchers AT, Uibo R, Gershwin ME (2010) The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. Autoimmun Rev 9:A355–A365, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors). The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Segelmark M, Hellmark T (2010) Autoimmune kidney disease. Autoimmun Rev 9:A366–A371, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Logan I, Bowlus CL (2010) The geoepidemiology of autoimmune intestinal disease. Autoimmun Rev 9:A372–A378, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Meyer N, Misery L (2010) Geoepidemiologic consideration of auto-immune pemphigus. Autoimmun Rev 9:A379–A382, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Meyer A, Levy Y (2010) Chapter 33: geoepidemiology of myasthenia gravis. Autoimmun Rev 9:A383–A386, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors) The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Milo R, Kahana E (2010) Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment. Autoimmun Rev 9:A387–A394, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM (guest editors). The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Bhat A, Naguwa S, Cheema G, Gershwin ME (2010) The epidemiology of transverse myelitis. Autoimmun Rev 9:A395–A399, Published in book: Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P, Gershwin EM. (guest editors). The environment geoepidemiology and autoimmune diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Printed in the UK and The Netherlands
Borchers AT, Naguwa SM, Shoenfeld Y, Gershwin ME (2010) The geoepidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 9:A277–A287
Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Geoepidemiology of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 6:468–476
To smell the immune system (2006) Olfaction, autoimmunity and brain involvement. Autoimmune Rev 6:54–60
Katzav A, Solodeev I, Brodsky O, Chapman J, Pick CG, Blank M, Zhang W, Reichlin M, Shoenfeld Y (2007) Induction of autoimmune depression in mice by anti-ribosomal P antibodies via the limbic system. Arth Rheum 56:938–948
Shoenfeld Y (2007) To smell autoimmunity: anti-P-Ribosomal autoantibodies, depression, and the olfactory system. J Autoimmunity 28:165–169
Blank M, Beinglass I, Shoenfeld Y (2007) The therapeutic potential of targeting anti-ribosomal-P antibody in treating SLE patients with depression. Expert Opin Biol Ther 7:1283–1285
Katzav A, Ben-Ziv T, Chapman J, Blank M, Reichlin M, Shoenfeld Y (2008) Anti-P ribosomal antibodies induce defect in smell capability in a model of CNS-SLE (depression). J Autoimmun 31:393–398
Shoenfeld N, Agmon-Levin N, Flitman-Katzevman I, Paran D, Porat Katz B, Kivity S, Langevitz P, Zandman-Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y (2009) The sense of smell in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arth Rheum 60(5):1484–1487
Samuel-Datum M, Szyper-Kravitz M, Yehuda S (2009) Olfacto: Smell: integrating neurodegeneration and autoimmunity—a personal view. Acta Reumatol Port 34:190–196, Portuguese
Perricone C, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld N, de Carolis C, Guarino MD, Gigliucci G, Milana I, Novelli L, Valesini G, Perricone R, Shoenfeld Y (2011) Evidence of impaired sense of smell in hereditary angioedema. Allergy 66:149–154
Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y (2008) Chronic fatigue syndrome with autoantibodies—the result of an augmented adjuvant effect of hepatitis-B vaccine and silicone implant. Autoimmun Rev 8:52–55
Israeli E, Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y (2009) Adjuvants and autoimmunity. Lupus 18:1217–1225
Shoenfeld Y, Agmon-Levin N (2011) ‘ASIA’—autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants. J Autoimmun 36:4–8
Shoenfeld Y, Agmon-Levin N (2011) Abstract of: ‘ASIA’—autoimmune (auto-inflammatory) syndrome induced by adjuvant- a new syndrome to be defined. In: Abstracts of selected invited lectures. Lupus 20:340–347
Shoenfeld Y (2011) Autoimmune (autoinflammatory) syndrome induced by adjuvants provides a diagnostic framework for enigmatic conditions. The Rheumatologist 6:26–32
Perricone C, Agmon-Levin N, Valesini G, Shoenfeld Y (2011) Vaccination in patients with chronic or autoimmune rheumatic diseases: the ego, the id and the superego. Joint Bone Spine. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.10.006.
Rosenblum H, Shoenfeld Y, Amital H (2011) The common immunogenic etiology of chronic fatigue syndrome: from infections to vaccines via adjuvants to the ASIA syndrome. Infect Dis Clin North Am 25:851–63
Cervera R (2011) “ASIA”: q new systemic autoimmune syndrome? Lupus 20:665–666
Carvalho JF, Barros SM, Branco JC, Fonseca JE (2011) ASIA or shoenfeld’s syndrome: highlighting different perspectivas for diffuse chronic pain. Acta Rheumatol Port 36:10–12
Barros SM, Carvalho JF (2011) Shoenfeld’s syndrome after pandemic influenza A/H1N1 vaccination. Acta Rheumatol Port 36:65–68
Pereira JP, Barroso C, Evangelista T, Fonseca JE, Pereira da Silva JA (2011) Macrophagic myofasciitis: a case report of autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). Acta Rheumatol Port 36:75–76
Israeli E, Pardo A (2011) The sick building syndrome as a part of the autoimmune (auto-inflammatory) syndrome induced by adjuvants. Mod Rheumatol 21:235–239
Meroni PL (2011) Autoimmune of auto-inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA): old truths and a new syndrome? J AI 36:1–3
Batista-Duharte A, Lindblad EB, Oviedo-Orta E (2011) Progress in understanding adjuvant immunotoxicity mechanisms. Toxicol Lett 203:97–105
Bogdanos DP, Rigopoulou EL, Smyk DS, Roggenbuck D, Reinhold D, Forbes A, Laass M, Conrad K (2011) Dianostic value, clinical utility and pathogenic significance of reactivity to the molecular targets of Crohn’s disease specific-pancreatic autoantibodies. Autoimmun Rev. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.09.004.
Lepse N, Abdulahad WH, Kallenberg CG, Heeringa P (2011) Immune regulatory in ANCA-associated vasculitides. Autoimmun Rev. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.08.002.
Murdaca G, Colombo BM, Puppo F (2011) Emerging biological drugs: a new therapeutic approach for systemic lupus erythematosus. An update upon efficacy and adverse events. Autoimmun Rev. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.07.006.
Chimenti MS, Graceffa D, Perricone R (2011) Anti-TNFa discontinuation in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis: is it possible after disease remission? Autoimmun Rev 10:636–40
Laccarino L, Ghirardello A, Canova M, Zen M, Bettio S, Nalotto L, Punnzi L, Doria A (2011) Anti-annexins autoantibodies: their role as biomarkers of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 10:553–8
Liao WW, Arthur JW (2011) Prediction peptide binding to major histocompatibility complex molecules. Autoimmun Rev 10:469–73
Ingegnoli F, Favalli EG, Meroni PL (2011) Does poymorphysm of genes coding for pro-inflammatory mediators predict the clinical response to TNF Alpha blocking agents? A review analysis of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 10:460–3
Engel P, Gomez-Puerta JA, Ramos-Casals M, Lozano F, Bosch Z (2011) Therapeutic targeting of B cells for rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 63:127–56
Hemdan NY, Birkenmeier G, Wichmann G, Abu El-Saad AM, Krieger T, Conrad K, Sack U (2010) Inteleukin-17 producing T helper cells in autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 9:785–92
Caporali R, Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F, Gorla R, Filippini M, Marchesoni A, Favalli EG, Bobio-Pallavici F, Montecucco C (2010) Switching TNF-alpha antagonists in rheumatoid arthritis: the experience of the LORHEN registry. Autoimmun Rev 9:465–9
Leung PS, Shu SA, Kenny TP, Wu PY, Tao MH (2010) Development and validation of gene therapies in autoimmune diseases: epidemiology to animal models. Autoimmun Rev 9:A400–5
Mackay IR (2010) Travels and travails of autoimmunity: a historical journey from discovery to rediscovery. Autoimmun Rev 9:A251–8
Blank M, Baraam L, Eisenstein M, Fridkin M, Dardik R, Heldman Y, Katchalski-Katzir E, Shoenfeld Y (2011) β2-Glycoprotein-I based peptide regulate endothelial-cells tissue-factor expression via negative regulation of pGSK3b expression and reduces experimental-antiphospholipid-syndrome. J Autoimmun 37:8–17
Shoenfeld Y, Gershwin ME (2005) Intravenous immunoglobulin new indications and mechanisms of action. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 29:165–166
Sapir T, Shoenfeld Y (2005) Facing the enigma of immunomodulatory effects of intravenous immunoglobulin. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 29:185–199
Sapir T, Shoenfeld Y (2005) Uncovering the hidden potential of intravenous immunoglobulin as an anticancer therapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 29:307–310
Katz U, Kishner I, Magalashvili D, Shoenfeld Y, Achiron A (2006) Long term safety of IVIG therapy in multiple sclerosis: 10 years experience. Autoimmunity 39:513–517
Kessel A, Peri R, Haj T, Snir A, Slobodin G, Sabo E, Rosner I, Shoenfeld Y, Toubi E (2011) IVIG attenuates TLR-9 Activation in B cells from SLE patients. J Clin Immunol 31:31–38
Blank M, Shoenveld Y (2010) Sialic acid–IVIg targeting CD22. Blood 116:1630–1632
Mieshbach W, Asherson RA, Cervera R, Shoenfeld Y, Gomez Puerta J, Espinosa G, Bucciarelli S (2007) The role of malignancies in patients with catastrophic anti-phospholipid (Asherson's) syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 26:2109–2114
Blank M, Anafi L, Zandman-Goddard G, Krause I, Goldman S, Shalev E, Cervera R, Font J, Fridkin M, Thiesen H-J, Shoenfeld Y (2007) The efficacy of specific IVIG anti-idiotypic antibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): trophoblast invasiveness and APS animal model. Int Immunol 19:857–865
Sela M, Teitelbaum D (2001) Glatiramer acetate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2:1149–65
Aharoni R, Herschkovitz A, Eilam R, Blumberg-Hazan M, Sela M, Bruck W, Arnon R (2008) Demyelination arrest and remyelination induced by glatiramer acetate treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 12(105):11358–63
Kappos L, Comi G, Panitch H, Oger J, Antel J, Conlon P, Steinman L (2000) Induction of a non-encephalitogenic type 2 T helper-cell autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis after administration of an altered peptide ligand in a placebo-controlled, randomized phase II trial. The Altered Peptide Ligand in Relapsing MS Study Group. Nat Med 6:1176–82
Krogsgaard M, Wucherpfennig KW, Cannella B, Hansen BE, Svejgaard A, Pyrdol J, Ditzel H, Raine C, Engberg J, Fugger L (2000) Visualization of myelin basic protein [MBP] T cell epitopes in MS lesions using a monoclonal antibody specific for the human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen HLA DR2 MBP 95–99 complex. J Exp Med 191:1395–412
Gaur A, Boehme SA, Chalmers D, Crowe PD, Pahuja A, Ling N, Brocke S, Steinman L, Conlon PJ (1997) Amelioration of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with altered myelin basic protein peptides involves different cellular mechanisms. J Neuroimmunol 74:149–58
Blank M, Shoenfeld Y, Cabilly S, Heldman Y, Fridkin M, Katchalski-Katzir E (1999) Prevention of experimental antiphospholipid syndrome and endothelial cell activation by synthetic peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:5164–8
Tong JC, Sinha AA (2008) Immunological hotspots analyzed by docking simulations: evidence for a general mechanism in pemphigus vulgaris pathology and transformation. BMC Immunol 9:30–9
Arnson Y, Shoenfeld Y, Amital H (2010) Effects of tobacco smoke on immunity, inflammation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 34:J258–265
Berkun Y, Padeh S (2010) Environmental factors and the geoepidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 9:A319–324
Bhat A, Naguwa S, Cheema G, Gershwin ME (2010) The epidemiology of transverse myelitis. Autoimmun Rev 9:A395–399
Biggioggero M, Meroni PL (2010) The geoepidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 9:A299–304
Bizzaro N, Tozzoli R, Shoenfeld Y (2007) Are we at a stage to predict autoimmune rheumatic diseases? Arthritis Rheum 56:1736–1744
Borchers AT, Naguwa SM, Keen CL, Gershwin ME (2010) The implications of autoimmunity and pregnancy. J Autoimmun 34:J287–299
Borchers AT, Uibo R, Gershwin ME (2010) The geoepidemiology of type 1 diabetes. Autoimmun Rev 9:A355–365
Brooks WH, Le Dantec C, Pers JO, Youinou P, Renaudineau Y (2010) Epigenetics and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 34:J207–219
Chandran V, Raychaudhuri SP (2010) Geoepidemiology and environmental factors of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Autoimmun 34:J314–321
Chang C (2010) The immune effects of naturally occurring and synthetic nanoparticles. J Autoimmun 34:J234–246
Chang C, Gershwin ME (2010) Drugs and autoimmunity—a contemporary review and mechanistic approach. J Autoimmun 34:J266–275
Chen M, Daha MR, Kallenberg CG (2010) The complement system in systemic autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 34:J276–286
Chen M, Kallenberg CG (2010) The environment, geoepidemiology and ANCA-associated vasculitides. Autoimmun Rev 9:A293–298
Deane S, Teuber SS, Gershwin ME (2010) The geoepidemiology of immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Autoimmun Rev 9:A342–349
Ehrenfeld M (2010) Geoepidemiology: the environment and spondyloarthropathies. Autoimmun Rev 9:A325–329
Gershwin ME, Goetzl EJ, Steinberg AD (1974) Cyclophosphamide: use in practice. Ann Intern Med 80:531–540
Hemminki K, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (2010) The epidemiology of Graves' disease: evidence of a genetic and an environmental contribution. J Autoimmun 34:J307–313
Hershko AY, Naparstek Y (2006) Autoimmunity in the era of genomics and proteomics. Autoimmun Rev 5:230–233
Hoffmann MH, Trembleau S, Muller S, Steiner G (2010) Nucleic acid-associated autoantigens: pathogenic involvement and therapeutic potential. J Autoimmun 34:J178–206
Invernizzi P (2010) Geoepidemiology of autoimmune liver diseases. J Autoimmun 34:J300–306
Lambert JF, Nydegger UE (2010) Geoepidemiology of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Autoimmun Rev 9:A350–354
Lleo A, Invernizzi P, Gao B, Podda M, Gershwin ME (2010) Definition of human autoimmunity—autoantibodies versus autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 9:A259–266
Logan I, Bowlus CL (2010) The geoepidemiology of autoimmune intestinal diseases. Autoimmun Rev 9:A372–378
Mackay IR (2005) The etiopathogenesis of autoimmunity. Semin Liver Dis 25:239–250
Martin PI, Malizia AI, Rewald E (2008) A propos time and autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 34:380–384
Maverakis E, Miyamura Y, Bowen MP, Correa G, Ono Y, Goodarzi H (2010) Light, including ultraviolet. J Autoimmun 34:J247–257
Mavragani CP, Moutsopoulos HM (2010) The geoepidemiology of Sjogren’s syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 9:A305–310
Meyer A, Levy Y (2010) Chapter 33: geoepidemiology of myasthenia gravis. Autoimmun Rev 9:A383–386
Meyer N, Misery L (2010) Geoepidemiologic considerations of auto-immune pemphigus. Autoimmun Rev 9:A379–382
Milo R, Kahana E (2010) Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment. Autoimmun Rev 9:A387–394
Powell JJ, Faria N, Thomas-McKay E, Pele LC (2010) Origin and fate of dietary nanoparticles and microparticles in the gastrointestinal tract. J Autoimmun 34:J226–233
Prieto S, Grau JM (2010) The geoepidemiology of autoimmune muscle disease. Autoimmun Rev 9:A330–334
Ranque B, Mouthon L (2010) Geoepidemiology of systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 9:A311–318
Round JL, O’Connell RM, Mazmanian SK (2010) Coordination of tolerogenic immune responses by the commensal microbiota. J Autoimmun 34:J220–225
Sands J, Tuscano JM (2010) Geoepidemiology and autoimmune manifestations of lymphoproliferative disorders. Autoimmun Rev 9:A335–341
Segelmark M, Hellmark T (2010) Autoimmune kidney diseases. Autoimmun Rev 9:A366–371
Selmi C (2010) The worldwide gradient of autoimmune conditions. Autoimmun Rev 9:A247–250
Selmi C, Tsuneyama K (2010) Nutrition, geoepidemiology, and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 9:A267–270
Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Defining and analyzing geoepidemiology and human autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 34:J168–177
Shoenfeld Y, Selmi C, Zimlichman E, Gershwin ME (2008) The autoimmunologist: geoepidemiology, a new center of gravity, and prime time for autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 31:325–330
Stojanovich L (2010) Stress and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 9:A271–276
Tobon GJ, Youinou P, Saraux A (2010) The environment, geo-epidemiology, and autoimmune disease: rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 9:A288–292
Tomer Y (2010) Hepatitis C and interferon induced thyroiditis. J Autoimmun 34:J322–326
Tonutti E, Visentini D, Bizzaro N (2007) Interpretative comments on autoantibody tests. Autoimmun Rev 6:341–346
Youinou P, Pers JO, Gershwin ME, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Geo-epidemiology and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 34:J163–167
Zeki AA, Schivo M, Chan AL, Hardin KA, Kenyon NJ, Albertson TE, Rosenquist GL, Louie S (2010) Geoepidemiology of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Autoimmun 34:J327–338
Zhao S, Long H, Lu Q (2010) Epigenetic perspectives in systemic lupus erythematosus: pathogenesis, biomarkers, and therapeutic potentials. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 39:3–9
Renaudineau Y (2010) The revolution of epigenetics in the field of autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 39:1–2
Matthias T, Pfeiffer S, Selmi C, Gershwin ME (2010) Diagnostic challenges in celiac disease and the role of the tissue transglutaminase-neo-epitope. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:298–301
Bhat A, Selmi C, Naguwa SM, Cheema GS, Gershwin ME (2010) Current concepts on the immunopathology of amyloidosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:97–106
Ikehara S (2010) The future of stem cell transplantation in autoimmune disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:292–297
Lidar M, Dori A, Levy Y, Lidar Z, Chapman J, Langevitz P (2010) Sarcoidosis presenting as “corset-like” myelopathy: a description of six cases and literature review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:270–275
Carvalheiras G, Vita P, Marta S, Trovao R, Farinha F, Braga J, Rocha G, Almeida I, Marinho A, Mendonca T, Barbosa P, Correia J, Vasconcelos C (2010) Pregnancy and systemic lupus erythematosus: review of clinical features and outcome of 51 pregnancies at a single institution. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:302–306
Kivity S, Katz U, Daniel N, Nussinovitch U, Papageorgiou N, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Evidence for the use of intravenous immunoglobulins—a review of the literature. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:201–269
Erlich JF, Paz Z (2010) Postpericardial injury syndrome: an autoimmune phenomenon. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:156–158
Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, Perez-De-Lis M, Jimenez I, Blanco MJ, Bove A, Soto MJ, Akasbi M, Diaz C, Sentis J, Siso A (2010) Sjogren syndrome or sjogren disease? The histological and immunological bias caused by the 2002 criteria. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:178–185
Meron MK, Amital H, Shepshelovich D, Barzilai O, Ram M, Anaya JM, Gerli R, Nicola B, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Infectious aspects and the etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:287–291
Emi Aikawa N, de Carvalho JF, Artur Almeida Silva C, Bonfa E (2010) Immunogenicity of anti-TNF-alpha agents in autoimmune diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:82–89
Blank M, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Antiphospholipid antibody-mediated reproductive failure in antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:141–147
Ambrosio P, Lermann R, Cordeiro A, Borges A, Nogueira I, Serrano F (2010) Lupus and pregnancy—15 years of experience in a tertiary center. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:77–81
De Carolis S, Botta A, Santucci S, Garofalo S, Martino C, Perrelli A, Salvi S, Ferrazzani S, Caforio L, Scambia G (2010) Predictors of pregnancy outcome in antiphospholipid syndrome: a review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:116–124
Ishii N, Hashimoto T, Zillikens D, Ludwig RJ (2010) High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy in autoimmune skin blistering diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:186–195
Katzav A, Shoenfeld Y, Chapman J (2010) The pathogenesis of neural injury in animal models of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:196–200
Espirito Santo J, Gomes MF, Gomes MJ, Peixoto LC Pereira S, Acabado A, Freitas J, de Sousa GV (2010) Intravenous immunoglobulin in lupus panniculitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:307–318
Matthias T, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Challenges for the autoimmunologist. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:75–76
Filippini M, Bazzani C, Favalli EG, Marchesoni A, Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P, Pallavicini FB, Caporali R, Gorla R (2010) Efficacy and safety of anti-tumour necrosis factor in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an observational study. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:90–96
Thomas R, Matthias T, Witte T (2010) Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors as new players in autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:159–162
Ribeiro FM, Szyper-Kravitz M, Klumb EM, Lannes G, Ribeiro FR, Albuquerque EM, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Can lupus flares be associated with tuberculosis infection? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:163–168
Paz Z, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Antifibrosis: to reverse the irreversible. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:276–286
Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, autoimmunity, and vitamin D. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:169–177
Holland SM (2010) Chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:3–10
Elhasid R, Rowe JM (2010) Hematopoetic stem cell transplantation in neutrophil disorders: severe congenital neutropenia, leukocyte adhesion deficiency and chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:61–67
Marks DJ, Rahman FZ, Sewell GW, Segal AW (2010) Crohn’s disease: an immune deficiency state. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:20–31
Suhir H, Etzioni A (2010) The role of toll-like receptor signaling in human immunodeficiencies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38:11–19
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shoenfeld, Y. The Future of Autoimmunity. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 42, 113–120 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-011-8297-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-011-8297-4