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Cardiac Organoids: A 3D Technology for Modeling Heart Development and Disease

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Abstract

Cardiac organoids (COs) are miniaturized and simplified organ structures that can be used in heart development biology, drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. This cardiac organoid (CO) model is revolutionizing our perspective on answering major cardiac physiology and pathology issues. Recently, many research groups have reported various methods for modeling the heart in vitro. However, there are differences in methodologies and concepts. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in cardiac organoid technologies derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), with a focus on the summary of methods for organoid generation. In addition, we introduce CO applications in modeling heart development and cardiovascular diseases and discuss the prospects for and common challenges of CO that still need to be addressed. A detailed understanding of the development of CO will help us design better methods, explore and expand its application in the cardiovascular field.

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Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

2D:

Two-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

CFS:

Cardiac fibroblasts

COs:

Cardiac organoids

CMs:

Cardiomyocytes

CRISPR:

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

CX43:

Connexin 43

cAMP:

Cyclic AMP

dECMs:

Decellularized ECMs

DMD:

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

EB:

Embryoid body

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EHM:

Engineered human myocardium

EAT:

Engineered cardiac tissues

FHF:

First heart field

HFOs:

Heart-forming organoids

hCOs:

Human cardiac organoids

hESCs:

Human-embryonic stem cells

hiPSCs:

Human-induced pluripotent stem cells

MTs:

Microtissues

ReWs:

Reentrant waves

SHF:

Second heart field

VLs:

Vessel-like structures

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Professor Wang Li from Fuwai Hospital for his training and support.

Funding

The author’s work is supported by Xiamen Science and Technology Plan Project Grant (No. 3502Z20209138), National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Foud (No. 82100441).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

    Liyuan Zhu, Kui Liu & Yingnan Liao

  2. State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

    Qi Feng

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Liyuan Zhu performed data analysis and interpretation, and wrote the manuscript. Kui Lui and Qi Feng assisted with data collection and provided feedback. Yingnan Liao assembled the data, carried out the data analysis and interpretation, wrote the manuscript, and gave final approval of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yingnan Liao.

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Zhu, L., Liu, K., Feng, Q. et al. Cardiac Organoids: A 3D Technology for Modeling Heart Development and Disease. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 18, 2593–2605 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-022-10385-1

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