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Impact of Tissue-Specific Stem Cells on Lineage-Specific Differentiation: A Focus on the Musculoskeletal System

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Abstract

Tissue-specific stem cells are found throughout the body and, with proper intervention and environmental cues, these stem cells exercise their capabilities for differentiation into several lineages to form cartilage, bone, muscle, and adipose tissue in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, it has been widely demonstrated that they do not differentiate with the same efficacy during lineage-specific differentiation studies, as the tissue-specific stem cells are generally more effective when differentiating toward the tissues from which they were derived. This review focuses on four mesodermal lineages for tissue-specific stem cell differentiation: adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, myogenesis, and osteogenesis. It is intended to give insight into current multilineage differentiation and comparative research, highlight and contrast known trends regarding differentiation, and introduce supporting evidence which demonstrates particular tissue-specific stem cells’ superiority in lineage-specific differentiation, along with their resident tissue origins and natural roles. In addition, some epigenetic and transcriptomic differences between stem cells which may explain the observed trends are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Suzanne Danley and Kayla Branyan for help in editing the manuscript. This project was partially supported by Research Grants from the AO Foundation (S-12-19P) and NIH R03 (no. 1 R03 AR062763-01A1).

Author contributions

T.P.: collection and assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, and manuscript writing; K.L.: collection and assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, and manuscript writing; M.P.: conception and design, administrative support, manuscript writing, and final approval of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors indicate no potential conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9196, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9196, USA

    Tyler Pizzute, Kevin Lynch & Ming Pei

  2. Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9196, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9196, USA

    Tyler Pizzute & Ming Pei

  3. School of Medicine, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9196, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9196, USA

    Kevin Lynch & Ming Pei

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  1. Tyler Pizzute
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Correspondence to Ming Pei.

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Pizzute, T., Lynch, K. & Pei, M. Impact of Tissue-Specific Stem Cells on Lineage-Specific Differentiation: A Focus on the Musculoskeletal System. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 11, 119–132 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-014-9546-8

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