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Extracellular Vesicles: A New Approach to Study the Brain’s Neural System and Its Diseases

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Abstract

In normal and pathophysiological conditions our cells secrete vesicular bodies known as extracellular particles. Extracellular vesicles are lipid-bound extracellular particles. A majority of these extracellular vesicles are linked to cell-to-cell communication. Brain consists of tightly packed neural cells. Neural cell releases extracellular vesicles in cerebrospinal fluid. Extracellular vesicle mediated crosstalk maintains neural homeostasis in the central nervous system via transferring cargos between neural cells. In neurodegenerative diseases, small extracellular vesicle transfer misfolded proteins to healthy cells in the neural microenvironment. They can also cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) and stimulate peripheral immune response inside central nervous system. In today’s world different approaches employ extracellular vesicle in various therapeutics. This review gives a brief knowledge about the biological relevance of extracellular vesicles in the central nervous system and relevant advances in the translational application of EV in brain disorders.

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Abbreviations

EVs:

Extracellular Vesicles

BBB:

Blood Brain Barrier

MVB:

Multivesicular Body

MSC:

Mesenchymal Stem Cell

NSC:

Neural Stem Cell

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

Aβ or Abeta:

Amyloid beta

MS:

Multiple Sclerosis

RT-qPCR:

Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR

CD46:

Cluster of differentiation 46

HIV-1:

Human immunodeficiency viruses type1

SOD1:

Superoxide dismutase

PrPSC :

Scrapie isoform of the prion protein

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

CLN2:

Neuronal ceroidlipofuscinosis 2

TPP1:

Tripeptidyl Peptidase 1

m THPC:

Meta -tetra (hydroxyphenyl)chlorin

HGF:

Hepatocyte growth factor

Cre:

Cyclization recombinase

Cys5:

Cyanines 5

HEK293:

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells

CNS:

Central Nervous System

Wnt:

Wingless/Integrated

IL1-β:

Interleukin-1β

NFT:

Neurofibrillary tangles

APP:

Amyloid Protein Precursor

LBs:

Lewy Bodies

MAPT:

Microtube-associated protein tau

HD:

Huntington’s Disease

mHTT:

mutant Huntingtin protein

polyQ:

polyglutamine protein

PRP:

Prion protein

MDCK:

Madin – Darby Canine Kidney cell line

Pgp:

P glycoprotein

MDR:

Multiple Drug Resistance

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Author Contributions

The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: Study conception and design: Dr. Humaira Farooqi. Data collection: Shahid Afridi and Pradakshina Sharma. Contributed data or analysis tools: Shahid Afridi, Pradakshina Sharma, Furqan Choudhary, Amber Rizwan, Anam Nizam. Draft manuscript preparation: Furqan Choudhary, Amber Rizwan, Anam Nizam, Adil Parvez. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India

    Shahid Afridi, Pradakshina Sharma, Furqan Choudhary, Amber Rizwan, Anam Nizam, Adil Parvez & Humaira Farooqi

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Afridi, S., Sharma, P., Choudhary, F. et al. Extracellular Vesicles: A New Approach to Study the Brain’s Neural System and Its Diseases. Cell Biochem Biophys (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-024-01271-3

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