Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 Promoter Polymorphisms, Their Serum Levels, and Activities with Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) in an Iranian Population

  • Published:
Cardiovascular Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The serum levels and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with the risk of coronary artery calcification (CAC). We sought to investigate the association between MMP-2 -1575G>A (rs243866) and MMP-9 -1562 C>T (rs3918242) SNPs with MMP-2 and MMP-9 serum levels and activity in individuals with CAC. One hundred and fifty-five cases with CAC and 155 healthy individuals as control group from West of Iran were included and frequency of genotypes and alleles of rs243866 and rs3918242 in MMP-2 and MMP-9 genes were determined using PCR–RFLP. We also investigated the serum levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and their activity using ELISA and gelatin zymography, respectively. Additionally, serum biochemical parameters including FBS (fasting blood sugar), urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL (high-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), calcium, and phosphorus as well as blood pressure (systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)) were measured. Our results showed that both serum levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (P < 0.001) and their activity (P < 0.001) were higher in individuals with CAC when compared to the control group. Carrying A and T alleles in MMP-2 -1575G>A (rs243866) and MMP-9 -1562 C>T (rs3918242) SNPs, respectively, may predispose the individuals to CAC by acting as the risk factors. Serum levels and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were found to be higher in CAC cases when compared to the healthy controls. Carriers of A allele in rs243866 SNP and T allele in rs3918242 SNP were shown to have higher MMP-2 and MMP-9 serum levels and activity that may result in increased ECM degradation and support the initiation and development of calcification.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code Availability

N/A.

Abbreviations

BMI:

Body mass index

CAC:

Coronary artery calcification

DBP:

Diastolic blood pressure

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

SNP:

Single-nucleotide polymorphism

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

DFU:

Diabetic foot ulcers

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

FBS:

Fasting blood sugar

HWE:

Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Tg:

Triglyceride

WT:

Wild type

References

  1. Liu, W., Zhang, Y., Yu, C. M., Ji, Q. W., Cai, M., Zhao, Y. X., & Zhou, Y. J. (2015). Current understanding of coronary artery calcification. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology: JGC, 12, 668–675.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Mohammadi-Noori, E., Salehi, N., Mozafari, H., EliehAliKomi, D., Saidi, M., Bahrehmand, F., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Elahirad, S., Moini, A., & Kiani, A. (2020). Association of AHSG gene polymorphisms with serum Fetuin-A levels in individuals with cardiovascular calcification in west of Iran. Molecular Biology Reports, 47, 1809–1820.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hillerson, D., Wool, T., Ogunbayo, G. O., Sorrell, V. L., & Leung, S. W. (2020). Incidental coronary artery calcification and stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. AJR: American Journal of Roentgenology, 215, 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Wang, L., Jerosch-Herold, M., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., Shahar, E., Detrano, R., & Folsom, A. R. (2006). Coronary artery calcification and myocardial perfusion in asymptomatic adults: The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 48, 1018–1026.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Mori, H., Torii, S., Kutyna, M., Sakamoto, A., Finn, A. V., & Virmani, R. (2018). Coronary artery calcification and its progression: what does it really mean? CJACC Cardiovascular Imaging, 11, 127–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Joseph, T. P., Kotecha, N. S., Kumar, H. B. C., Jain, N., Kapoor, A., Kumar, S., Bhatia, E., Mishra, P., & Sahoo, S. K. (2020). Coronary artery calcification, carotid intima-media thickness and cardiac dysfunction in young adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 34, 107609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Motro, M., & Shemesh, J. (2001). Calcium channel blocker nifedipine slows down progression of coronary calcification in hypertensive patients compared with diuretics. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex.: 1979), 37, 1410–1413.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Manson, J. E., Allison, M. A., Rossouw, J. E., Carr, J. J., Langer, R. D., Hsia, J., Kuller, L. H., Cochrane, B. B., Hunt, J. R., Ludlam, S. E., Pettinger, M. B., Gass, M., Margolis, K. L., Nathan, L., Ockene, J. K., Prentice, R. L., Robbins, J., & Stefanick, M. L. (2007). Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 2591–2602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kalil, R. S., Flanigan, M., Stanford, W., & Haynes, W. G. (2012). Dissociation between progression of coronary artery calcification and endothelial function in hemodialysis patients: A prospective pilot study. Clinical Nephrology, 78, 1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chertow, G. M., Burke, S. K., & Raggi, P. (2002). Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney international, 62, 245–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen, C. L., Chen, N. C., Wu, F. Z., & Wu, M. T. (2020). Impact of denosumab on cardiovascular calcification in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing dialysis: A pilot study. Osteoporosis International, 31, 1507–1516.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Elieh Ali Komi, D., & Grauwet, K. (2018). Role of mast cells in regulation of T cell responses in experimental and clinical settings. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 54, 432–445.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. EliehAliKomi, D., Shafaghat, F., & Haidl, G. (2020). Significance of mast cells in spermatogenesis, implantation, pregnancy, and abortion: Cross talk and molecular mechanisms. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y.: 1989), 83, e13228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Komi, D. E. A., & Redegeld, F. A. (2020). Role of mast cells in shaping the tumor microenvironment. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 58, 313–325.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Komi, D. E. A., Khomtchouk, K., & Santa Maria, P. L. (2020). A review of the contribution of mast cells in wound healing: Involved molecular and cellular mechanisms. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 58, 298–312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Rao, V. H., Lees, G. E., Kashtan, C. E., Nemori, R., Singh, R. K., Meehan, D. T., Rodgers, K., Berridge, B. R., Bhattacharya, G., & Cosgrove, D. (2003). Increased expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 (type IV collagenases/gelatinases), and MT1-MMP in canine X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS). Kidney International, 63, 1736–1748.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Najafi, K., Komi, D. E. A., Khazaie, H., Moini, A., Vaisi, A., Raygani, Ahmadi, H. R., Ghadami, M. R., & Kiani, A. (2019). Investigation of serum levels and activity of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2, 9) in opioid and methamphetamine-dependent patients. Acta Medica Iranica, 56, 559–562.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mirabdaly, S., Elieh Ali Komi, D., Shakiba, Y., Moini, A., & Kiani, A. (2020). Effects of temozolomide on U87MG glioblastoma cell expression of CXCR4, MMP2, MMP9, VEGF, anti-proliferatory cytotoxic and apoptotic properties. Molecular Biology Reports, 47, 1187–1197.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chen, N. X., O’Neill, K. D., Chen, X., Kiattisunthorn, K., Gattone, V. H., & Moe, S. M. (2011). Activation of arterial matrix metalloproteinases leads to vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Nephrology, 34, 211–219.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Radunovic, M., Nikolic, N., Milenkovic, S., Tomanovic, N., Boricic, I., Dimitrijevic, M., Novakovic, I., & Basta-Jovanovic, G. (2016). The MMP-2 and MMP-9 promoter polymorphisms and susceptibility to salivary gland cancer. Journal of BUON, 21, 597–602.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Singh, K., Agrawal, N. K., Gupta, S. K., & Singh, K. (2013). A functional single nucleotide polymorphism -1562C>T in the matrix metalloproteinase-9 promoter is associated with type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot ulcers. The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, 12, 199–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Habel, A. F., Ghali, R. M., Bouaziz, H., Daldoul, A., Hadj-Ahmed, M., Mokrani, A., Zaied, S., Hechiche, M., Rahal, K., Yacoubi-Loueslati, B., & Almawi, W. Y. (2019). Common matrix metalloproteinase-2 gene variants and altered susceptibility to breast cancer and associated features in Tunisian women. Tumour Biology, 41, 1010428319845749.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ting, W. C., Chen, L. M., Pao, J. B., Yang, Y. P., You, B. J., Chang, T. Y., Lan, Y. H., Lee, H. Z., & Bao, B. Y. (2013). Genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases and clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer patients. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 10, 1022–1027.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Tian, Y., An, F., Wang, J., Liu, C., Wu, H., Cao, Y., Wang, J., & Wang, G. (2019). MMP2 and MMP10 polymorphisms are related to steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head among Chinese Han population. BioMed Research International, 2019, 8298193.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Chacon-Cortes, D., & Griffiths, L. (2014). Methods for extracting genomic DNA from whole blood samples: Current perspectives. Journal of Biorepository Science for Applied Medicine, 2, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  26. EliehAliKomi, D., Sadeghi-Shabestari, M., Shanebandi, D., Babaloo, Z., Razavi, A., Sadigh-Eteghad, S., & Kazemi, T. (2019). Investigation of chitinase3like-1 (Chiti3L1) gene polymorphism (rs4950928) with susceptibility to allergic asthma in Iranian Northwestern Azeri population. Research in Molecular Medicine, 7, 17–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Aslanian-Kalkhoran, L., Elieh-Ali-Komi, D., Sadeghi-Shabestari, M., Shanebandi, D., Babaloo, Z., Razavi, A., Sadigh-Eteghad, S., & Kazemi, T. (2017). Investigation of Fc receptor-like 3 (FCRL-3) gene polymorphism (rs7528684) with susceptibility to allergic asthma in Iranian North-Western Azeri population. Clinical Laboratory, 63, 1301–1305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Rybakowski, J. K. (2009). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9)—A mediating enzyme in cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology, 2009, 904836.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Fanjul-Fernández, M., Folgueras, A. R., Cabrera, S., & López-Otín, C. (2010). Matrix metalloproteinases: Evolution, gene regulation and functional analysis in mouse models. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1803, 3–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bahrehmand, F., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Kiani, A., Rahimi, Z., Tavilani, H., Ardalan, M., Vaisi-Raygani, H., Shakiba, E., & Pourmotabbed, T. (2015). Matrix metalloproteinase 9 polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus: Correlation with systemic inflammatory markers and oxidative stress. Lupus, 24, 597–605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lehmann, D. J., Williams, J., McBroom, J., & Smith, A. D. (2001). Using meta-analysis to explain the diversity of results in genetic studies of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and to identify high-risk subgroups. Neuroscience, 108, 541–554.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Raygani, A. V., Zahrai, M., Soltanzadeh, A., Doosti, M., Javadi, E., & Pourmotabbed, T. (2004). Analysis of association between butyrylcholinesterase K variant and apolipoprotein E genotypes in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience Letters, 371, 142–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Shahmohamadnejad, S., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Shakiba, Y., Kiani, A., Rahimi, Z., Bahrehmand, F., Shakiba, E., & Pourmotabbed, T. (2015). Association between butyrylcholinesterase activity and phenotypes, paraoxonase192 rs662 gene polymorphism and their enzymatic activity with severity of rheumatoid arthritis: Correlation with systemic inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, preliminary report. Clinical Biochemistry, 48, 63–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wågsäter, D., Zhu, C., Björkegren, J., Skogsberg, J., & Eriksson, P. (2011). MMP-2 and MMP-9 are prominent matrix metalloproteinases during atherosclerosis development in the Ldlr(−/−)Apob(100/100) mouse. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 28, 247–253.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Soliman, A. R., Sadek, K. M., Thabet, K. K., Ahmed, D. H., & Mohamed, O. M. (2019). The role of matrix metalloproteinases 2 in atherosclerosis of patients with chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 30, 387–393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Qin, X., Corriere, M. A., Matrisian, L. M., & Guzman, R. J. (2006). Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition attenuates aortic calcification. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 26, 1510–1516.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Liu, R., Chen, B., Chen, J., & Lan, J. (2018). Leptin upregulates smooth muscle cell expression of MMP-9 to promote plaque destabilization by activating AP-1 via the leptin receptor/MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 16, 5327–5333.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Kieffer, P., Giummelly, P., Schjoth, B., Carteaux, J. P., Villemot, J. P., Hornebeck, W., & Atkinson, J. (2001). Activation of metalloproteinase-2, loss of matrix scleroprotein content and coronary artery calcification. Atherosclerosis, 157, 251–254.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Harendza, S., Lovett, D. H., Panzer, U., Lukacs, Z., Kuhnl, P., & Stahl, R. A. (2003). Linked common polymorphisms in the gelatinase a promoter are associated with diminished transcriptional response to estrogen and genetic fitness. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 20490–20499.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Dofara, S. G., Chang, S. L., & Diorio, C. (2020). Gene polymorphisms and circulating levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9: A review of their role in breast cancer risk. Anticancer Research, 40, 3619–3631.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Zhen, G. D., Zhao, L. B., Wu, S. S., Chen, M. Y., Li, Z. H., Zhou, S. Z., & Li, Z. F. (2017). Associations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene polymorphism with ulinastatin efficacy in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Bioscience Reports, 37, 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Rollin, J., Régina, S., Vourc’h, P., Iochmann, S., Bléchet, C., Reverdiau, P., & Gruel, Y. (2007). Influence of MMP-2 and MMP-9 promoter polymorphisms on gene expression and clinical outcome of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 56, 273–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Hua, Y., Song, L., Wu, N., Lu, X., Meng, X., Gu, D., & Yang, Y. (2009). Polymorphisms of MMP-2 gene are associated with systolic heart failure risk in Han Chinese. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 337, 344–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Beber, A. R., Polina, E. R., Biolo, A., Santos, B. L., Gomes, D. C., La Porta, V. L., Olsen, V., Clausell, N., Rohde, L. E., & Santos, K. G. (2016). Matrix metalloproteinase-2 polymorphisms in chronic heart failure: Relationship with susceptibility and long-term survival. PLoS ONE, 11, e0161666.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Pérez-Hernández, N., Vargas-Alarcón, G., Martínez-Rodríguez, N., Martínez-Ríos, M. A., Peña-Duque, M. A., Peña-Díaz Ade, L., Valente-Acosta, B., Posadas-Romero, C., Medina, A., & Rodríguez-Pérez, J. M. (2012). The matrix metalloproteinase 2–1575 gene polymorphism is associated with the risk of developing myocardial infarction in Mexican patients. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 19, 718–727.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wu, H. D., Bai, X., Chen, D. M., Cao, H. Y., & Qin, L. (2013). Association of genetic polymorphisms in matrix metalloproteinase-9 and coronary artery disease in the Chinese Han population: A case–control study. Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers, 17, 707–712.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Saedi, M., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Khaghani, S., Shariftabrizi, A., Rezaie, M., Pasalar, P., Rahimi, Z., & Pourmotabbed, T. (2012). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 functional promoter polymorphism 1562C>T increased risk of early-onset coronary artery disease. Molecular Biology Reports, 39, 555–562.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bahrehmand, F., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Kiani, A., Rahimi, Z., Tavilani, H., Navabi, S. J., Shakiba, E., Hassanzadeh, N., & Pourmotabbed, T. (2012). Matrix metalloproteinase-2 functional promoter polymorphism G1575A is associated with elevated circulatory MMP-2 levels and increased risk of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus, 21, 616–624.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Reynolds, J. J. (1996). Collagenases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: A functional balance in tissue degradation. Oral Diseases, 2, 70–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Elieh Ali Komi, D., & Bjermer, L. (2019). Mast cell-mediated orchestration of the immune responses in human allergic asthma: Current insights. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 56, 234–247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was performed in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the biochemistry MSc thesis of Saeed Elahirad, in the School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah, Iran. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Research Council of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (Grant Number 95294) for financial support.

Funding

This work was supported by the Research Council of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (Grant No.: 95294).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Saeed Elahirad

  2. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Daniel Elieh Ali Komi

  3. Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Amir Kiani & Ehsan Mohammadi-Noori

  4. Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Asad Vaisi‑Raygani

  5. Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Hadi Mozafari & Fariborz Bahrehmand

  6. Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Amir Kiani

  7. Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, PO-Box: 6714869914, Kermanshah, Iran

    Mohammadreza Saidi, Vahid Toupchi-Khosroshahi & Nahid Salehi

Authors
  1. Saeed Elahirad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daniel Elieh Ali Komi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Amir Kiani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ehsan Mohammadi-Noori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Asad Vaisi‑Raygani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hadi Mozafari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Fariborz Bahrehmand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mohammadreza Saidi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Vahid Toupchi-Khosroshahi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Nahid Salehi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by SE, DEAK, and AK. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AK and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nahid Salehi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical Approval

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Kermanshah Medical University (EC. 95294). All patients signed a consent form.

Consent for Publication

Patients signed informed consent regarding publishing their data and photographs.

Consent to Participate

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Handling Editor: Y. Robert Li.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Elahirad, S., Elieh Ali Komi, D., Kiani, A. et al. Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 Promoter Polymorphisms, Their Serum Levels, and Activities with Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) in an Iranian Population. Cardiovasc Toxicol 22, 118–129 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-021-09707-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-021-09707-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation