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Effects of Controlled Generator Fume Emissions on the Levels of Troponin I, C-Reactive Protein and Oxidative Stress Markers in Dogs: Exploring Air Pollution-Induced Cardiovascular Disease in a Low-Resource Country

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Abstract

Exhaust fumes from petrol/diesel-powered electric generators contribute significantly to air pollution in many developing countries, constituting health hazards to both humans and animals. This study evaluated the serum concentrations of Troponin I (TnI), C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum levels/activities of oxidative stress markers: catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in dogs experimentally exposed to graded levels of petrol generator exhaust fume (PGEF). Sixteen (16) healthy and adult male Basenji dogs were randomly assigned into four groups (A-D). Group A was the unexposed control while groups B, C and D were exposed to PGEF for 1, 2 and 3 h per day, respectively, for 90 days. Repeated analysis were performed at the baseline, and every thirty days, for a total of 90 days. There was a significant interaction (p < 0.05) between the effects of PGEF exposure level (in h/day) and duration of exposure (in months) on all the tested serum parameters. There was a significant main effect (p < 0.05) for PGEF exposure level on the serum parameters. As the level of PGEF exposure was increased, the serum concentrations of TnI, CRP, CAT, MDA and NO increased, GSH decreased, whereas SOD activity increased by day 30 but declined at the end. Moreover, there was a significant simple main effect (p < 0.05) for duration of PGEF exposure. All the parameters increased as the duration of PGEF exposure was increased to 90 days except GSH concentration which decreased, whereas SOD activity increased initially but declined at the end of the study. Thus, there was increased serum concentrations of TnI, CRP and increased oxidative stress in the PGEF-exposed dogs. These findings are instructive and could be grounds for further studies on air pollutants-induced cardiovascular disease given the widespread use of electricity generators in many low-resource countries.

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Funding

This research was funded by the Tertiary Educational Trust Fund (TETFund) of the Nigerian government through University of Nigeria institution Based research (TETFUND/DESS/UNI/NSUKKA/2018/RP/VOL.I), granted to UUE, IGE, RCA and BMA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria

    U. U. Eze, C. J. Onunze & B. M. Anene

  2. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria

    I. G. Eke, O. B. Onyejekwe, U. J. Obed & A. O. Anaga

  3. Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology/Therapeutics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria

    R. C. Anakwue

  4. Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Reproductive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria

    C. F. Oguejiofor & A. A. Eze

  5. Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria

    I. J. Udeani

  6. Environment and Health Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria

    R. C. Anakwue

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Contributions

Conceptualization, RCA, UUE and BMA; Data curation, UUE; IGE, CFO, OBO, IJU, CJO, UJO and AAE Formal analysis, CFO; Funding acquisition, UUE, IGE, RCA and BMA; Investigation, UUE; IGE, CFO, OBO, IJU, CJO, UJO and AAE; Methodology, UUE, IGE, CFO; Project administration RCA, AOA and BMA Resources, UUE, IGE, RCA and BMA; Supervision, AOA, BMA; Validation UUE and CFO; Visualization, UUE and CFO; Writing—original draft, UUE.; Writing—review and editing UUE; IGE, CFO, OBO, IJU, CJO, UJO, AAE, AOA, RCA and BM. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to R. C. Anakwue.

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Eze, U.U., Eke, I.G., Anakwue, R.C. et al. Effects of Controlled Generator Fume Emissions on the Levels of Troponin I, C-Reactive Protein and Oxidative Stress Markers in Dogs: Exploring Air Pollution-Induced Cardiovascular Disease in a Low-Resource Country. Cardiovasc Toxicol 21, 1019–1032 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-021-09693-8

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