Abstract
The health effects of individual criteria air pollutants have been well investigated. However, little is known about the health effects of air pollutant mixtures that more realistically represent environmental exposures. The present study was designed to evaluate the cardiac effects of inhaled simulated smog atmospheres (SA) generated from the photochemistry of either gasoline and isoprene (SA-G) or isoprene (SA-Is) in mice. Four-month-old female mice were exposed for 4 h to filtered air (FA), SA-G, or SA-Is. Immediately and 20 h after exposure, cardiac responses were assessed with a Langendorff preparation using a protocol consisting of 20 min of global ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Cardiac function was measured by index of left-ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and cardiac contractility (dP/dt) before ischemia. Pre-ischemic LVDP was lower in mice immediately after SA-Is exposure (52.2 ± 5.7 cm H2O compared to 83.9 ± 7.4 cm H2O after FA exposure; p = 0.008) and 20 h after SA-G exposure (54.0 ± 12.7 cm H2O compared to 79.3 ± 7.4 cm H2O after FA exposure; p = 0.047). Pre-ischemic left ventricular contraction dP/dtmax was lower in mice immediately after SA-Is exposure (2025 ± 169 cm H2O/sec compared to 3044 ± 219 cm H2O/sec after FA exposure; p < 0.05) and 20 h after SA-G exposure (1864 ± 328 cm H2O/sec compared to 2650 ± 258 cm H2O/sec after FA exposure; p = 0.05). In addition, SA-G reduced the coronary artery flow rate 20 h after exposure compared to the FA control. This study demonstrates that acute SA-G and SA-Is exposures decrease LVDP and cardiac contractility in mice, indicating that photochemically-altered atmospheres affect the cardiovascular system.
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Abbreviations
- AQHI:
-
Health-based integrated air quality index
- FA:
-
Filtered air
- HC:
-
Hydrocarbons
- LVDP:
-
Left-ventricular developed pressure
- MPAN:
-
Peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride
- NO2 :
-
Nitrogen dioxide
- O3 :
-
Ozone
- PAN:
-
Peroxyacetic nitric anhydride
- PM:
-
Particulate matter
- POA:
-
Primary organic aerosol
- PPN:
-
Peroxypropionic nitric anhydride
- SA:
-
Simulated smog atmospheres
- SOA:
-
Secondary organic aerosol
- VOC:
-
Volatile organic compound
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Drs. Mehdi Hazari and Daiwen Kang for careful review of the manuscript.
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The research described in this article has been reviewed by the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, and approved for publication. The contents of this article should not be construed to represent Agency policy nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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The US Environmental Protection Agency Intramural Research Program supported this research.
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Tong, H., Krug, J.D., Krantz, Q.T. et al. Inhalation of Simulated Smog Atmospheres Affects Cardiac Function in Mice. Cardiovasc Toxicol 18, 569–578 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-018-9469-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-018-9469-8