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Chemometric Analysis and Human Health Implications of Trace and Heavy/Non-Essential Metals through ingestion of Carbonated and Non-Carbonated Beverages

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Abstract

Elevated levels of trace metals (TMs) and heavy/non-essential metals (HnMs) in commonly consumed beverages concern the public and regulatory agencies. Thus, frequent monitoring of these metals is critically important. The present study intended to assess TMs and HnMs concentrations and associated health risks in beverages. Ten metals, such as Mn, Co, Cr, Cu, and Zn (TMs) and Ni, Cd, Pb, Al, and As (HnMs), were quantified in different beverage brands categorized into two groups such as non-carbonated and carbonated beverages. Chemometric analysis such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC), and principal component analysis (PCA) were also performed to demonstrate the possible natural and anthropogenic sources of metal contamination. Among the TMs, the mean concentration of Zn (233.3 ± 3.3–291.7 ± 3.2 µg/L) followed by Mn (119.0 ± 2.3–146.4 ± 2.2 µg/L) was found highest in both carbonated and non-carbonated beverage samples. In the case of HnMs, the lowest mean concentration of Cd (7.4 ± 0.9–18.6 ± 1.2 µg/L) followed by Pb (4.1 ± 0.4–4.5 ± 0.4 µg/L) was observed in both types of beverage samples. The tolerable dietary intake (TDI) value for Ni and provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) value for Cd were higher than the value established by the WHO and EFSA. The computed values of the hazard index (HI < 1) and the cumulative cancer risk (CCR) indicated a low risk of exposure.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to researchers supporting project number (RSP2024R357) King Saud University, Riyadh Saudi Arabia for funding this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, College Road, Lahore, Pakistan

    Mahmood Ahmed & Mudassar Sanaullah

  2. Department of Chemistry, Govt Kinnaird College, Lahore, Pakistan

    Amna Yousaf, Anum Khaleeq & Ayesha Saddiqa

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan

    Waqar Ahmad

  4. Centre for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally, Kuwait

    Ijaz Ali

  5. Faculty of Applied Science and Technology Sheridan College, 7899 McLaughlin Road, Brampton, ON, L6Y 5H9, Canada

    Khuram Khalid

  6. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Tanveer A. Wani

  7. Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 222452, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Seema Zargar

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  1. Mahmood Ahmed
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Contributions

Mahmood Ahmed, Supervision, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft; Amna Yousaf. Review & editing, Writing - original draft; Anum Khaleeq, Ayesha Saddiqa. Review; Mudassar Sanaullah. Review, Analysis; Waqar Ahmad. Review; Tanveer A. Wani, Review; Khuram Khalid, Review & editing; Ijaz Ali, Validation

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Correspondence to Mahmood Ahmed.

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Ahmed, M., Yousaf, A., Khaleeq, A. et al. Chemometric Analysis and Human Health Implications of Trace and Heavy/Non-Essential Metals through ingestion of Carbonated and Non-Carbonated Beverages. Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04234-0

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