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Microchemistry of Single Hair Strands Below and Above the Scalp: Impacts of External Contamination on Cuticle and Cortex Layers

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Abstract

External contamination of hair is the most significant challenge to it becoming an accepted matrix for monitoring endogenous metal exposure and nutritional deficiency. Here we use laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to quantify elemental concentrations in hair strands below and above the scalp in the cuticle and cortex layers to determine the extent of external contamination in a reference population. Evidence of hair strand contamination occurred for barium, calcium, iron, magnesium, and strontium in both the outer cuticle and the inner cortex layers, with increasing concentrations from root to tip. Aluminum, boron, copper, lead, and manganese showed significant contamination in the cuticle layer only, suggesting some protection of the inner cortex. Phosphorus and potassium decreased outside the scalp suggesting loss by washing, while chromium, mercury, selenium, sodium, titanium, and zinc showed no evidence of loss or external contamination above the scalp. The results clearly show that for most elements, hair chemistry above the scalp is unreliable for use in interpretation of endogenous exposures or deficiencies, and that the below-scalp portion provides a more accurate monitoring tool. This is the first paper to provide a reference range of elemental hair chemistry that is not impacted by the external environment.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and analyzed during the current study are available upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge Alexandra Wade for support in the laboratory analysis and manuscript preparation..

Funding

This work was supported in part by the National Research Council of Canada’s Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP) under grant numbers #917894, #899314, and #935937.

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  1. TrichAnalytics Inc., #207, 1753 Sean Heights, Saanichton, BC, V8M 0B3, Canada

    Jennie R. Christensen & Geriene O. LaBine

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Contributions

Jennie Christensen: study design, data analysis and statistics, tables and figures, manuscript preparation.

Geriene LaBine: hair analysis by LA-ICP-MS, data quality, data analysis, and manuscript preparation.

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Correspondence to Jennie R. Christensen.

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Ethics

Hair samples from the scalp (with root bulb intact) were collected from 61 individuals following informed, written, and signed consent, and approved by the ethics board at the University of Saskatchewan (BIO17-55). All aspects of the project follow the ethical guidelines for human research, from the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR), national Sciences and Engineering research Council of Canada, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (2018) – Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans. (http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2019/irsc-cihr/RR4-2-2019-eng.pdf).

Competing Interests

Jennie Christensen reports a relationship with TrichAnalytics Inc. that includes as follows: board membership, employment, and equity. Geriene LaBine reports a relationship with TrichAnalytics Inc. that includes as follows: employment.

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Christensen, J.R., LaBine, G.O. Microchemistry of Single Hair Strands Below and Above the Scalp: Impacts of External Contamination on Cuticle and Cortex Layers. Biol Trace Elem Res 202, 3910–3922 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03973-w

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