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Tracking the Variations in Trace Elements, Some Nutrients, Phenolics, and Anthocyanins in Grewia asiatica L. (Phalsa) at Different Fruit Development Stages

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Abstract

Grewia asiatica L. (phalsa) is a very prevalent berry in Pakistan and is consumed extensively as raw or in the form of juice. Here, for the first time, we assessed phalsa from Pakistan in terms of variations in macro and micro minerals, nutrients, and bio-active phyto-constituents including total phenolic and anthocyanin contents at different fruit developmental stages. It was found that the sugars in phalsa increased from D1 (small at the initial fruit setting stage) to D6 development stage (fully ripened fruit) where sugars at D5 (near to fully ripe) and D6 stages were many times greater than at D1, D2 (unripe close to full-size completion), D3 (close to semi ripe), and D4 stage (semi ripened and full-size attainment). Total acidity of was declined in all developmental stages, where the D1 stage displayed maximum and D6 with the lowest acidity. Ascorbic acid was decreased from D1 to D2 and then increased gradually from D3 to D5 stages. At the D6 stage, again a steep decline in ascorbic acid was observed. The total phenolics (mg gallic acid equivalents/100g) at stage D6 were higher (136.02 ± 1.17), whereas D1 being the lowermost in total phenolic content (79.89 ± 1.72). For anthocyanins (mg/100g), an increasing pattern of changes was observed in all stages of phalsa fruit where the D1 stage showed lower (13.97 ± 4.84) anthocyanin contents which then increased gradually at stage D2 (67.79 ± 6.73), but increased sharply at D3 (199.66 ± 4.90), D4 (211.02 ± 18.85), D5 (328.41 ±14.96) and D6 (532.30 ± 8.51) stages. A total of four anthocyanins such as cyanidin, delphidine-3-glucoside, pelargonidin, and malvidin in phalsa were identified using HPLC procedures, and a significant > 90 % DPPH inhibition in phalsa was observed at the D5 and D6 development stages. The macro and micro minerals including Ni, Zn, Fe, Ca, Cu, Mg, Na, P, and K contents were decreased from initial (D1) stage to the final (D6) development stage, while only Fe displayed an increasing trend from the initial to final fruit development stages (D1-D6). Conclusively, these findings could be of great interest for patients who are intended to consume phalsa as adjuvant therapy against diabetes and metabolic syndromes and other diseases involving reactive oxygen species with minimum metal toxicity.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their gratefulness to the anonymous reviewers for their appreciated remarks/critics to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Funding

This work received funds from the Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), Islamabad, Pakistan, under Grant no. PSF/NSLP/P-PCSIR(195) awarded to the first author (Dr. Asma Saeed).

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  1. Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Punjab, 54600, Pakistan

    Asma Saeed, Shabana Kauser, Adil Hussain, Nida Jamil Siddiqui, Quratulain Syed & Abad Ali Nadeem

  2. Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Head Office, 1 Constitution Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    Syed Hussain Imam Abidi

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Contributions

A.S. conceptualized and designed the research, collected fruit sample, performed formal analysis, analyzed the data, performed statistical analysis, acquired funds, administered the project, and drafted the initial version of the manuscript. S.K. performed lab experimentation, analyzed the data and drafted the initial version of the manuscript. A.H. prepared and edited the final version of the manuscript, and reviewed the manuscript for grammar and language errors. N.J.S. performed lab experimentation and analyzed the data. S.H.I.A., Q.S., and A.A.N. reviewed the manuscript and validated the data. All the authors reviewed this final version of the manuscript and approved its submission.

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Correspondence to Adil Hussain.

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Saeed, A., Kauser, S., Hussain, A. et al. Tracking the Variations in Trace Elements, Some Nutrients, Phenolics, and Anthocyanins in Grewia asiatica L. (Phalsa) at Different Fruit Development Stages. Biol Trace Elem Res 202, 1784–1801 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03763-4

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