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Bioaccumulation of Potentially Toxic Elements in Commercially Important Food Fish Species from Lower Gangetic Stretch: Food Security and Human Health Risk Assessment

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Abstract

Ganga river is the inhabitant of more than 190 fish species and important river system of India. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the Gangetic riverine ecosystem are a hot environmental issue. A detailed evaluation of PTEs bioaccumulation in Gangetic fishes is required to safeguard human health. The present study investigated the bioaccumulation of PTEs (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, and Mn) within 12 economic fish species (n = 72) collected from the lower Gangetic stretch. The mean concentrations of PTEs followed the order Zn > Cu > Mn > Ni > Se > Cr > Pb > Co ~ Li > Cd. Li and Se bioaccumulation were studied first time from Gangetic fishes. Results demonstrated that all the selected PTEs were below the maximum permissible limit recommended by reference standards except for Zn in L. catla and L. rohita. For all PTEs, the metal pollution index (MPI), hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) were < 1, indicating that these PTEs do not pose a health risk to the public through the dietary intake of fish in this study area. All studied fish were acceptable in terms of carcinogenic risk (CR) from exposure to Cd, Cr, and Pb. Multivariate statistical analysis suggests that inter-correlated metals have similar dispersion properties and bioaccumulation homology within the body. This study provides a scientific basis for food safety assessment and continuous monitoring of PTEs in Gangetic fishes is suggested in the future to safeguard human health.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Director, ICAR-CIFRI, Barrackpore and Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, for the support rendered to analysis in lieu of the experiment. Mr. Roshit C. M., Mr. Lokenath Chakraborty, Mr. Subhadeep Dasgupta, and Mr. Archisman Ray are acknowledged for their help during the study.

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  1. Sankhajit Roy equally contributed as the corresponding author.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India

    Vikas Kumar, Aurobinda Upadhyay, Mitesh Hiradas Ramteke, Dhruba Jyoti Sarkar & Basanta Kumar Das

  2. Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741252, India

    Vikas Kumar & Sankhajit Roy

  3. ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751002, India

    Himanshu Sekhar Swain

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Contributions

Vikas Kumar: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, writing-original draft, review and editing, visualization, supervision, and software; Himanshu Sekhar Swain: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, resources, data curation, review, and editing; Aurobinda Upadhyay: formal analysis, investigation, data curation, review and editing, and software; Mitesh H. Ramteke: formal analysis, review, and editing; Dhruba Jyoti Sarkar: formal analysis, review, and editing Sankhajit Roy: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, resources, data curation, review and editing, visualization, supervision, and project administration; Basanta Kumar Das: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, resources, data curation, review and editing, visualization, supervision, funding acquisition, and project administration.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Basanta Kumar Das.

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No experiment was conducted with live fish samples in this study. Only caught fish by local fishermen were used. The experiment was conducted on dead fish, collected from fishermen; however, the present research was conducted as per the guideline of ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata.

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Kumar, V., Swain, H.S., Upadhyay, A. et al. Bioaccumulation of Potentially Toxic Elements in Commercially Important Food Fish Species from Lower Gangetic Stretch: Food Security and Human Health Risk Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 202, 1235–1248 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03743-8

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