Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Association Between Serum Magnesium Levels and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Observational studies suggest that the potential role of magnesium remains controversial in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This meta-analysis aims to consolidate the available information from observational studies that have focused on the relationship between magnesium levels and GDM. A systematic and comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang databases. Data were extracted independently by two investigators. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to summarize the circulating magnesium levels (CI). This meta-analysis included a total of 17 studies involving 2858 participants including 1404 GDM cases and 1454 healthy controls, which showed that magnesium levels were significantly lower in GDM compared to healthy controls (SMD: − 0.35; 95% CI: − 0.62, − 0.07, P = 0.013). Likewise, the same phenomenon was observed in the third trimester (SMD =  − 1.07; 95% CI: − 1.84 to − 0.29, P = 0.007). Other subgroup analyses revealed that this trend of decreasing magnesium concentration was only observed in Europeans (SMD =  − 0.64; 95% CI: − 0.90, − 0.38, P < 0.0001). This meta-analysis revealed that serum magnesium levels were lower in patients with GDM than in healthy pregnant women, and this discrepancy was most pronounced in European populations and during the third trimester. Nevertheless, current evidence suggests that circulating magnesium deficiency is associated with gestational diabetes; the challenge for the future is to further elucidate the possible benefits of preventing gestational diabetes through magnesium supplementation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

References

  1. McIntyre HD, Catalano P, Zhang C, Desoye G, Mathiesen ER, Damm P (2019) Gestational diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers 5(1):47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hannah W, Bhavadharini B, Beks H, Deepa M, Anjana RM, Uma R, Martin E, McNamara K, Versace V, Saravanan P, Mohan V (2022) Global burden of early pregnancy gestational diabetes mellitus (eGDM): a systematic review. Acta Diabetol 59(3):403–427

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Chaovarindr U, Coustan DR, Hadden DR, McCance DR, Hod M, McIntyre HD, Oats JJ, Persson B, Rogers MS, Sacks DA (2008) Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 358(19):1991–2002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Page KA (2012) Gestational diabetes mellitus: risks and management during and after pregnancy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 8(11):639–649

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Saravanan P (2020) Gestational diabetes: opportunities for improving maternal and child health. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 8(9):793–800

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Gomes D, von Kries R, Delius M, Mansmann U, Nast M, Stubert M, Langhammer L, Haas NA, Netz H, Obermeier V, Kuhle S, Holdt LM, Teupser D, Hasbargen U, Roscher AA, Ensenauer R (2018) Late-pregnancy dysglycemia in obese pregnancies after negative testing for gestational diabetes and risk of future childhood overweight: an interim analysis from a longitudinal mother-child cohort study. PLoS Med 15(10):e1002681

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Mazumder T, Akter E, Rahman SM, Islam MT, Talukder MR (2022) Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh: findings from demographic health survey 2017–2018. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(5):2583

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Song Z, Cheng Y, Li T, Fan Y, Zhang Q, Cheng H (2022) Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus by different obesity indices. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 22(1):288

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Ortega-Contreras B, Armella A, Appel J, Mennickent D, Araya J, González M, Castro E, Obregón AM, Lamperti L, Gutiérrez J, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E (2022) Pathophysiological role of genetic factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Front Physiol 13:769924

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Kataria Y, Wu Y, Horskjær PH, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Ellervik C (2018) Iron status and gestational diabetes-a meta-analysis. Nutrients 10(5):621

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Lian S, Zhang T, Yu Y, Zhang B (2021) Relationship of circulating copper level with gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis and systemic review. Biol Trace Elem Res 199(12):4396–4409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fan J, Zhang T, Yu Y, Zhang B (2021) Is serum zinc status related to gestational diabetes mellitus? A meta-analysis. Matern Child Nutr 17(4):e13239

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Xu W, Tang Y, Ji Y, Yu H, Li Y, Piao C, Xie L (2022) The association between serum selenium level and gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 38(4):e3522. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3522:e3522

  14. Elin RJ (1988) Magnesium metabolism in health and disease. Dis Mon 34(4):161–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chang J, Yu D, Ji J, Wang N, Yu S, Yu B (2020) The association between the concentration of serum magnesium and postmenopausal osteoporosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 7:381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhao B, Deng H, Li B, Chen L, Zou F, Hu L, Wei Y, Zhang W (2020) Association of magnesium consumption with type 2 diabetes and glucose metabolism: a systematic review and pooled study with trial sequential analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 36(3):e3243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Piuri G, Zocchi M, Della Porta M, Ficara V, Manoni M, Zuccotti GV, Pinotti L, Maier JA, Cazzola R (2021) Magnesium in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Nutrients 13(2):320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Li D, Cai Z, Pan Z, Yang Y, Zhang J (2021) The effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation on women with gestational diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocr Disord 21(1):106

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Jin S, Sha L, Dong J, Yi J, Liu Y, Guo Z, Hu B (2020) Effects of nutritional strategies on glucose homeostasis in gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Diabetes Res 2020:6062478

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Kuoppala T (1988) Alterations in vitamin D metabolites and minerals in diabetic pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 25(2):99–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang Y, Tan M, Huang Z, Sheng L, Ge Y, Zhang H, Jiang M, Zhang G (2002) 4Elemental contents in serum of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Biol Trace Elem Res 88(2):113–118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nabouli MR, Lassoued L, Bakri Z, Moghannem M (2016) Modification of total magnesium level in pregnant Saudi women developing gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 10(4):183–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Keshvari-Delavar M, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Nadjarzadeh A, Farhadian Z, Khazaei S, Rezaeian S (2016) Comparison of growth parameters, Apgar scores, the blood zinc, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus between gestational diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women. Int J Pediatr-Mashhad 4(5):1767–1775

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zheng H (2016) Relationship between trace elements, human body compositions and occurrence and development of gestational diabetes mellitus. Matern Child Health Care China 31(24):5334–5337

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Feng R, Guo F (2017) Exploration of trace elements in serum and newborn umbilical cord blood of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Heilongjiang Med J 41(11):1047–1048

    Google Scholar 

  26. Musavi H, MohammadiTahroodi F, Fesahat F, Bouzari Z, Esmaeilzadeh S, Elmi F, Yazdani S, Moazezi Z (2019) Investigating the relationship between magnesium levels and diabetes mellitus in pregnant women. Int J Mol Cell Med 8(3):223–231

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Naser W, Adam I, Rayis DA, Ahmed MA, Hamdan HZ (2019) Serum magnesium and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a predictor for gestational diabetes mellitus in Sudanese pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 19(1):301

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Jia Q, Duan M, Xie Y (2020) Correlation between the levels of vitamin D and trace elements in the second trimester and the occurrence of GDM. Clin Misdiagnosis Mistherapy 33(12):79–85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Eroğlu H, Örgül G, Tonyalı NV, Biriken D, Polat N, Yücel A, Yazihan N, Şahin D (2021) The role of afamin and other trace elements in the prediction of GDM: a tertiary center experience. Biol Trace Elem Res 199(12):4418–4422

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Wibell L, Gebre-Medhin M, Lindmark G (1985) Magnesium and zinc in diabetic pregnancy. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 74(SUPPL. 320):100–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Mimouni F, Tsang RC, Hertzberg VS, Neumann V, Ellis K (1989) Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol changes in normal and insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 74(1):49–54

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Li M, X N (2010) Association between serum magnesium metabolism and insulin resistance of gestational diabetes mellitus. Prog Obstet Gynecol 19(2):92-94

  33. Li G, Hong X, Qin Y, Yang H, Jiang B, Chen Y (2014) Analysis of the serum content of zinc, magnesium, copper, iron, lead and manganese in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. China Trop Med 14(8):981–983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. GokerTasdemir U, Tasdemir N, Kilic S, Abali R, Celik C, Gulerman HC (2015) Alterations of ionized and total magnesium levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Obstet Invest 79(1):19–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Shi D, Guo S, Guo L, Chen D, Zhang Y, Li L, Chi X, Guo S, Zhang P, Wang W (2015) Study on relationship between trace elements content in whole blood and gestational diabetes mellitus. Lab Med Clinic 17:2515–2517

    Google Scholar 

  36. Li J, Sun Y, Jing R, Xue H (2016) The trace elements as indicators of prognosis for gestational mellitus at early pregnancy. Transl Med J 5(5):285–287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, McKenzie JE (2021) PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n160

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P (n.d.) The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Availabe online: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. (Accessed on 5 Apr 2022)

  39. Rostom A, Dubé C, Cranney A, Saloojee N, Sy R, Garritty C, Sampson M, Zhang L, Yazdi F, Mamaladze V et al (n.d.) Appendix D. Quality assessment forms. Rockville (MD): agency for healthcare research and quality. Availabe online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK35156/. (Accessed on 5 Apr 2022)

  40. Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, Thomas J (2019) Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:Ed000142

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, Guyatt GH, Harbour RT, Haugh MC, Henry D, Hill S, Jaeschke R, Leng G, Liberati A, Magrini N, Mason J, Middleton P, Mrukowicz J, O’Connell D, Oxman AD, Phillips B, Schünemann HJ, Edejer T, Varonen H, Vist GE, Williams JW Jr, Zaza S (2004) Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 328(7454):1490

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Plows JF, Reynolds CM, Vickers MH, Baker PN, Stanley JL (2019) Nutritional supplementation for the prevention and/or treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 19(9):73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Looman M, Schoenaker D, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Mishra GD, Geelen A, Feskens EJM (2019) Pre-pregnancy dietary micronutrient adequacy is associated with lower risk of developing gestational diabetes in Australian women. Nutr Res 62:32–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Association AD (2018) 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care 41(Suppl 1):S13-s27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Szmuilowicz ED, Josefson JL, Metzger BE (2019) Gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 48(3):479–493

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. de Mendonça E, Fragoso MBT, de Oliveira JM, Xavier JA, Goulart MOF, de Oliveira ACM (2022) Gestational diabetes mellitus: the crosslink among inflammation, nitroxidative stress, intestinal microbiota and alternative therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 11(1):129

  47. Paolisso G, Barbagallo M (1997) Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance: the role of intracellular magnesium. Am J Hypertens 10(3):346–355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ, Galioto A, Ferlisi A, Cani C, Malfa L, Pineo A, Busardo A, Paolisso G (2003) Role of magnesium in insulin action, diabetes and cardio-metabolic syndrome X. Mol Aspects Med 24(1–3):39–52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kowluru A, Chen HQ, Modrick LM, Stefanelli C (2001) Activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by a glutamate- and magnesium-sensitive protein phosphatase in the islet beta-cell. Diabetes 50(7):1580–1587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nielsen FH (2018) Magnesium deficiency and increased inflammation: current perspectives. J Inflamm Res 11:25–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Aneiros E, Philipp S, Lis A, Freichel M, Cavalié A (2005) Modulation of Ca2+ signaling by Na+/Ca2+ exchangers in mast cells. J Immunol 174(1):119–130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ahmadi S, Naderifar M, Samimi M, Mirhosseini N, Amirani E, Aghadavod E, Asemi Z (2018) The effects of magnesium supplementation on gene expression related to inflammatory markers, vascular endothelial growth factor, and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes. Magnes Res 31(4):131–142

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kramer JH, Misík V, Weglicki WB (1994) Magnesium-deficiency potentiates free radical production associated with postischemic injury to rat hearts: vitamin E affords protection. Free Radic Biol Med 16(6):713–723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Liu M, Jeong EM, Liu H, Xie A, So EY, Shi G, Jeong GE, Zhou A, Jr Dudley SC (2019) Magnesium supplementation improves diabetic mitochondrial and cardiac diastolic function. JCI Insight 4(1):e123182

  55. Bussière FI, Gueux E, Rock E, Girardeau JP, Tridon A, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y (2002) Increased phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils during magnesium deficiency in rats and inhibition by high magnesium concentration. Br J Nutr 87(2):107–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bussière FI, Mazur A, Fauquert JL, Labbe A, Rayssiguier Y, Tridon A (2002) High magnesium concentration in vitro decreases human leukocyte activation. Magnes Res 15(1–2):43–48

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Zhu GJ, Zheng TZ, Xia C, Qi L, Papandonatos GD, Ming Y, Zeng Z, Zhang XC, Zhang HL, Li YY (2021) Plasma levels of trace element status in early pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 68:126829

  58. Marshall NE, Abrams B, Barbour LA, Catalano P, Christian P, Friedman JE, Hay WW Jr, Hernandez TL, Krebs NF, Oken E, Purnell JQ, Roberts JM, Soltani H, Wallace J, Thornburg KL (2022) The importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: lifelong consequences. Am J Obstet Gynecol 226(5):607–632

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kebbe M, Flanagan EW, Sparks JR, Redman LM (2021) Eating behaviors and dietary patterns of women during pregnancy: optimizing the universal ‘Teachable Moment’. Nutrients 13(9):3298

  60. de Haas S, Ghossein-Doha C, van Kuijk SM, van Drongelen J, Spaanderman ME (2017) Physiological adaptation of maternal plasma volume during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 49(2):177–187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Chatzakis C, Cavoretto P, Sotiriadis A (2021) Gestational diabetes mellitus pharmacological prevention and treatment. Curr Pharm Des 27(36):3833–3840

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Alzaid AA, Dinneen SF, Moyer TP, Rizza RA (1995) Effects of insulin on plasma magnesium in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: evidence for insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80(4):1376–1381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Djurhuus MS, Skøtt P, Hother-Nielson O, Klitgaard NA, Beck-Nielsen H (1995) Insulin increases renal magnesium excretion: a possible cause of magnesium depletion in hyperinsulinaemic states. Diabet Med 12(8):664–669

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Costello RB, Elin RJ, Rosanoff A, Wallace TC, Guerrero-Romero F, Hruby A, Lutsey PL, Nielsen FH, Rodriguez-Moran M, Song Y, Van Horn LV (2016) Perspective: the case for an evidence-based reference interval for serum magnesium: the time has come. Adv Nutr 7(6):977–993

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Ford ES, Mokdad AH (2003) Dietary magnesium intake in a national sample of US adults. J Nutr 133(9):2879–2882

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Schimatschek HF, Rempis R (2001) Prevalence of hypomagnesemia in an unselected German population of 16,000 individuals. Magnes Res 14(4):283–290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81970676, 81800741, 82170834), Sichuan Science and Technology Program (grant no. 2019YJ0697, 2020YFS0456), and Suining First People’s Hospital-Southwest Medical University cooperation project (grant no.2021SNXNYD01).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Qian Ren and Hongya Wang contributed equally to the work as first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China

    Qian Ren, Hongya Wang, Yan Zeng, Xiaozhen Tan, Xi Cheng, Tingting Zhou, Wei Huang & Yong Xu

  2. Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China

    Qian Ren, Hongya Wang, Yan Zeng, Xiaozhen Tan, Xi Cheng, Tingting Zhou, Wei Huang & Yong Xu

  3. Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China

    Qian Ren, Hongya Wang, Yan Zeng, Xiaozhen Tan, Xi Cheng, Tingting Zhou, Wei Huang & Yong Xu

  4. Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, China

    Qian Ren, Hongya Wang, Yan Zeng, Xiaozhen Tan, Xi Cheng, Tingting Zhou, Wei Huang & Yong Xu

  5. Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, China

    Yan Zeng

  6. State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, China

    Yan Zeng

  7. Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China

    Xiaozhen Tan

Authors
  1. Qian Ren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hongya Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yan Zeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xiaozhen Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xi Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Tingting Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Wei Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Yong Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

QR, HYW, WH, and YX participated in conceptualizing and designing the study. QR, HYW, and YZ conducted the literature search and screening and data collection. YZ and XZT carried out the statistical analyses. QR, HYW, and XC wrote the manuscript draft. QR, TTZ, and XZT revised the manuscript. YX and WH reviewed the manuscript and assumed primary responsibility for the final content. All authors have read and approved the final version of this manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Wei Huang or Yong Xu.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 1092 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ren, Q., Wang, H., Zeng, Y. et al. The Association Between Serum Magnesium Levels and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 5115–5125 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03591-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03591-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation