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The Role of Reduced Glutathione on the Activity of Adenosine Deaminase, Antioxidative System, and Aluminum and Zinc Levels in Experimental Aluminum Toxicity

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Abstract

Aluminum (Al) is one of the most abundant element in the world. But aluminum exposure and accumulation causes serious diseases, related with free radicals. Reduced glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide with intracellular antioxidant effects. This study aimed to investigate the role of GSH on adenosine deaminase (ADA), antioxidant system, and aluminum and zinc (Zn) levels in acute aluminum toxicity. In this study, Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 32) were used. The rats were divided into four equal groups (n = 8). Group I received 0.5 mL intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% saline solution (NaCI), Group II received single-dose AlCI3, Group III was given GSH for seven days, and Group IV was given AlCI3 single dose, and at the same time, 100 mg/kg GSH was given for seven days. At the end of the trial, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS) and Zn levels were lower in the aluminum-administered group than the control group. In contrast, plasma total oxidant status (TOS) and aluminum concentrations and ADA activity were found higher in the aluminum-administered group than in the control group. Unlike the other groups, group GSH administrated with aluminum was similar to the control group. As a result, GSH administration has a regulatory effect on ADA activity, antioxidant system, and Zn levels in experimental aluminum toxicity. In addition, GSH may reduce the oxidant capacity increased by Al administration and may have a tolerant role on the accumulated serum Al levels. But long-term experimental Al toxicity studies are needed to reach a firm conclusion.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the contributing researchers, Kafkas University, Çankırı Karatekin University, Igdir University, and Osh State University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letter, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey

    Onur Atakisi

  2. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies Kars Vocational School, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey

    Kezban Yildiz Dalginli & Destan Kalacay

  3. Department of Pharmacy Services, Tuzluca Vocational School, Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey

    Canan Gulmez

  4. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey

    Emine Atakisi

  5. Department of Biology Medical Institute, Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan

    Taasilkan Toktamamatovna Zhumabaeva

  6. Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey

    Tunay Kontaş Aşkar

  7. Deptartments of Chemistry Faculty of Science, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey

    Ruken Esra Demirdogen

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  1. Onur Atakisi
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Contributions

O.A, E.A, K.Y.D, and C.A. conceived the original idea and build. O.A, D.K, T.T.Z, and C.G. supervised the research. Experiments were performed by O.A, K.YD, T.K, R.E. D E.A, and C.G. All authors read and approved the final manuscript written by O.A, E.A, and D.K. There are no conflicts to declare. Also all authors checked and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Onur Atakisi.

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The study protocol was approved Kafkas University Animal Experimentation Ethics Board (KAU-HADYEK 2017-034).

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Atakisi, O., Dalginli, K.Y., Gulmez, C. et al. The Role of Reduced Glutathione on the Activity of Adenosine Deaminase, Antioxidative System, and Aluminum and Zinc Levels in Experimental Aluminum Toxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 4429–4436 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03503-0

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