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The Effect of Smoking Habits on Blood Cadmium and Lead Levels in Residents Living Near a Mining and Smelting Area in Northwest China: a Cross-Sectional Study

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Abstract

Few studies have focused on environmental cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) exposure while exploring the effect of smoking on blood Cd (BCd) and blood Pb (BPb) levels. Moreover, essential trace elements affect the absorption, accumulation, and toxicity of Cd and Pb. To investigate the effect of smoking on BCd and BPb levels under high Cd and Pb exposure and the influence of essential trace elements on the effect, 301 residents living near a mining and smelting area in Northwest China were included in our study. After collecting health information and measuring BCd, BPb, serum iron, magnesium, and total calcium levels, we analyzed the association between smoking and BCd and BPb levels and the influence of the essential trace elements on the association. The results showed that BCd and BPb levels in smokers were significantly higher than those in non-smokers. There was a dose-response association between pack-years and the odds ratios (ORs) of high BCd and BPb levels in all participants compared with non-smokers. Serum iron, magnesium, and calcium had a negative effect on the elevations of the ORs of high BCd and BPb levels. In addition, smoking-related elevations of BCd and BPb levels vary by sex, age, BMI, and age of smoking initiation. Our findings present evidence for the effect of smoking on BCd and BPb levels under high Cd and Pb exposure and may provide guidance for the prevention and control of BCd and BPb elevations in residents living in Cd- and Pb-polluted areas.

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Data Availability

The data presented in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Professor Elisabete Weiderpass Vainio of International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO and Professor Ula Ali Mohamed Nur of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine for their instruction and assistance. We also gratefully acknowledge the research nurses in the First Hospital of Lanzhou University for the blood sample collection and the postgraduates and undergraduates of surgery in the First School of Clinical Medicine of Lanzhou University and postgraduates of the Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health in School of Public Health of Lanzhou University for the questionnaire surveys and information collection. We thank Editage (www.editage.cn) for English language editing. Finally, we acknowledge the helpful comments on the manuscript from the anonymous reviewer.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers: 32060289, 32171610, and 81872578), Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (grant number: 20JR10RA699), Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province (grant number: 18JR2TA018), and Excellence Program of the First School of Clinical Medicine of Lanzhou University (20200060070).

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  1. Hui Dai and Honglong Zhang are joint first authors and contributed equally to the work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People’s Republic of China

    Hui Dai, Honglong Zhang, Haiping Wang, Jun Yan & Xun Li

  2. Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People’s Republic of China

    Haiping Wang, Jun Yan & Xun Li

  3. Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People’s Republic of China

    Haiping Wang, Jun Yan & Xun Li

  4. Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People’s Republic of China

    Jingping Niu & Bin Luo

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  1. Hui Dai
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Contributions

Study conception and design were contributed by Jun Yan, Jingping Niu, and Bin Luo. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Hui Dai, Honglong Zhang, and Haiping Wang. Xun Li and Jun Yan were in charge of project administration and supervision and funding acquistion. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Hui Dai and Honglong Zhang and all authors made critical comments on the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jun Yan.

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This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Lanzhou University (ethical code: ethical codes: LDYYLL2015-0027, LDYYLL2020-103).

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Not applicable.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Dai, H., Zhang, H., Wang, H. et al. The Effect of Smoking Habits on Blood Cadmium and Lead Levels in Residents Living Near a Mining and Smelting Area in Northwest China: a Cross-Sectional Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 1101–1111 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03248-w

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