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Impacts of Smoking and Stomach Disorders on Essential Elements in Biological Samples of Cement and Glass Industrial Workers

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Abstract

The infection caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) disrupts the metabolism and absorption of essential trace elements. Stomach disorders are related to changes in essential trace element metabolism caused by increased toxic metal exposure and H. pylori infection. The aim of the work is to link the development of stomach-related illnesses to an imbalance of essential trace and toxic metals. We have investigated the variations in essential trace elements such zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper and toxic metals like lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in biological (scalp hair, blood) samples of glass and cement workers. The study participants are further divided into smokers and nonsmokers, as well as diseased (gastric ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic ulcer) and exposed referents (non-diseased industrial workers). Biological samples of age-matched (40–60 years) male subjects living in non-industrial areas were gathered for comparative purposes. After a pre-concentration method, the drinking water of industrial and domestic areas was analysed for both toxic metals. Microwave-aided acid digestion was used to oxidise the matrices of biological samples before atomic absorption spectrometer analysis of selected metals. Toxic metal levels in both industries’ drinking water were much higher than those found in domestically treated water (p < 0.01). Industrial workers suffering different types of stomach disorders have two to three times higher Pb and Cd concentrations than age-matched referents. Toxic metals are found in higher concentrations in smoker referents and diseased patients’ biological samples than in nonsmoker subjects. The findings of this study suggested that Pb and Cd toxicity’s immunological effects may be associated to an increased vulnerability to chronic infections.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, in providing well-equipped laboratories for research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan

    Sadaf Parveen, Hassan Imran Afridi, Tasneem Gul Kazi, Farah Naz Talpur, Jameel Ahmed Baig, Ghulam Qadir Chanihoon & Ahsan Ali Memon

  2. Department of Oral Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana, 77150, Pakistan

    Almas Rahoojo

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  1. Sadaf Parveen
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  2. Hassan Imran Afridi
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  3. Tasneem Gul Kazi
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Contributions

Dr. Hassan Imran Afridi (Ph.D) and Prof. Dr. Tasneen Gul Kazi (Ph.D) made project and took part in designing the study, clinical diagnosis, and selecting patients, made file of each selected subjects, and in addition took part in writing the manuscript. Miss Sadaf Parveen (M.Phil), Ghulam Qadir Chanihoon (M.Phil), Ahsan Ali Memon (M.Phil), and Almas Rahoojo (M.Phil) participated in biological sample collection and analysis through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Dr. Farah Naz Talpur (Ph.D) and Dr. Jameel Ahmed Baig (Ph.D) took part in statistically calculating the data as well as proof reading and correction of language.

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Correspondence to Hassan Imran Afridi.

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Before collecting the biological samples from patients and referents, written and verbal consent was done.

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Parveen, S., Imran Afridi, H., Gul Kazi, T. et al. Impacts of Smoking and Stomach Disorders on Essential Elements in Biological Samples of Cement and Glass Industrial Workers. Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 1065–1079 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03238-y

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