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Ecotoxicological Effects of Bimetallic PdNi/MWCNT and PdCu/MWCNT Nanoparticles onto DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in Earthworms

Biological Trace Element Research volume 200, pages 2455–2467 (2022)Cite this article

Abstract

Bimetallic nanoparticles are synthesized using two different metal elements and used recently in many fields. However, limited studies related to the ecotoxic effects of nanoparticles available in the literature. The purpose of this study is to synthesize and characterize bimetallic PdCu/MWCNT and PdNi/MWCNT NPs and investigate their ecotoxic effects on earthworms. For this purpose, we injected approximately 20 µL of various concentrations of bimetallic PdCu/MWCNT and PdNi/MWCNT NPs (1, 10, 100, 1000, and 2000 mg/L) into the coelomic space of earthworms. We evaluated survival rate, malformations, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, 8-OHdG content, and histopathological changes in earthworms at the 48th hour after exposure. PdCu/MWCNT and PdNi/MWCNT NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, and Raman-scattering spectroscopy. Toxicological examinations showed that PdCu/MWCNT NPs reduced the survival rate of earthworms (2000 mg/L, 84%) and caused various malformations (various lesions, thinning, swelling, and rupture), but nonsignificant effects of survival rate and malformations were observed in earthworms using PdNi/MWCNT NPs. The histopathological examinations of earthworm tissues exposed with PdNi/MWCNT determined that tissues in all treatment groups had a normal histological appearance. However, at a concentration of 2000 mg/L of PdCu/MWCNT NPs, atrophy in the longitudinal muscle layer and less degenerative cells in the epidermis layer were observed in earthworm tissues. It was determined that PdNi/MWCNT and PdCu/MWCNT NPs caused significant increases in ROS levels and 8-OHdG activity in earthworm tissues after 48 h. Finally, our results demonstrated that the toxicity of PdNi/MWCNT NPs was detected to be lower than PdCu/MWCNT NPs. However, both nanoparticles may pose a toxicological risk at high concentrations (1000 and 2000 mg/L). These findings will provide valuable information to studies on the use of PdNi/MWCNT NPs in wastewater treatment systems, industrial and medical fields, which have been determined to have less ecotoxicological risk.

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Funding

This research was supported by Iğdır University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (BAP) (Project number: UBY0320A09).

The experiments were performed using lower invertebrate, and earthworm ethical statement is not needed. Necessary care is taken in experimental procedures that are intended to avoid unnecessary pain and suffering to earthworms.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Organic Agriculture Management, College of Applied Sciences, Igdır University, Igdır, Turkey

    Mine Köktürk

  2. Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey

    Fikret Altindag

  3. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Igdır, Igdır, Turkey

    Mehmet Salih Nas

  4. Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Tuzluca Vocational School, University of Igdır, Igdır, Turkey

    Mehmet Harbi Calimli

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  1. Mine Köktürk
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  2. Fikret Altindag
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Contributions

Mine Köktürk contributed to experimental design, performed characterization, ROS, and 8-OHdG experiments and data analysis, and co-wrote the manuscript. Mehmet Harbi Calimli contributed to experimental design, performed characterization and data analysis, and co-wrote the manuscript. Mehmet Salih Nas contributed to experimental design, performed characterization, and co-wrote the manuscript. Fikret Altındağ contributed to experimental design and histopathological experiments, and co-wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mehmet Harbi Calimli.

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Köktürk, M., Altindag, F., Nas, M.S. et al. Ecotoxicological Effects of Bimetallic PdNi/MWCNT and PdCu/MWCNT Nanoparticles onto DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in Earthworms. Biol Trace Elem Res 200, 2455–2467 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02821-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02821-z

Keywords

  • Nanotoxicology
  • Earthworm
  • 8-OHdG
  • ROS
  • Histopathology