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A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Iodine Excess on the Intellectual Development of Children in Areas with High Iodine Levels in their Drinking Water

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Abstract

The purpose of this meta-analysis is to comprehensively investigate the effect of iodine excess on children’s intellectual development in areas with high iodine levels in their drinking water. We systematically searched the electronic databases and identified 17 publications (16 in Chinese and 1 in English) on the effect of iodine excess on children’s intelligence published between January 31, 1985, and January 31, 2020. This meta-analysis included 14,794 children from 28 studies. The results showed that compared with the control group, the intelligence level of children in the high iodine group reduced significantly by 1.64 points (WMD=−1.64; 95% CI (−3.225, −0.049), Z=2.02, P<0.05). Subgroup analyses were performed according to the water iodine concentration, water iodine concentration of the control group, the intelligence test method, and regions of China (i.e., north and south). We noted that when the water iodine concentration was <300μg/L, 301–600μg/L, 600.1–900μg/L, and >900μg/L, the intelligence level of the high iodine groups decreased by varying degrees, although not statistically significant (all P>0.05). The water iodine concentration of the control group was divided into two groups (<150 μg/L and <100 μg/L) and the heterogeneity analysis showed that the heterogeneity of the control group decreased significantly when the concentration of water iodine was <150 μg/L, I2 = 67.3%, P<0.001, which indicated a potential source of heterogeneity. The analyses by test method showed that among the studies which used the China Joint Raven’s test, the intelligence level of children in the high iodine group was 0.86 points lower than in the control group (P>0.05). Conversely, we observed that among the studies which used the China Binet intelligence test and the binaphthalene intelligence test of Tanzhida in Japan to evaluate children’s intelligence level, the intelligence level of children in the high iodine groups was significantly lower (3.65 points and 8.0 points, respectively) compared with the control groups (P<0.05). The analysis of the regions of China demonstrated that whereas the reduction in children’s intelligence level from excess iodine in the north of China was not statistically significant (WMD=−0.16, 95% CI (−2.18, 1.85), P>0.05), the association was statistically significant in the southern part of China (WMD=−1.86, 95% CI (−3.57, −0.09), P<0.05). This study found that high iodine concentration was statistically significantly associated with a decline in intelligence level in children. Comparatively, the intelligence level of children who were exposed to high iodine concentrations reduced significantly by 1.64 points. These findings have public health implications.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to Ms. Lixiang Liu for her help in research design and revision of the article language, to Ms. Siyuan Wan for her advice in collecting and analyzing the data and assessing the quality of the literature, and to all the authors for their efforts in this article.

Funding

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (LH2020H018).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Health commission &Education Bureau of Heilongjiang province, Key laboratory and Etiology and Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China

    Fan Li, Siyuan Wan, Li Zhang, Baoxiang Li, Yanhong He, Hongmei Shen & Lixiang Liu

  2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China

    Siyuan Wan

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  1. Fan Li
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Contributions

Fan Li was the principal investigator of this paper. Fan Li, Siyuan Wan, Hongmei Shen, and Lixiang Liu developed the hypothesis and study design and supervised this study. All authors contributed to the study concept and design, analysis, and interpretation of data, and drafted or critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final manuscript for submission.

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Correspondence to Lixiang Liu.

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Li, F., Wan, S., Zhang, L. et al. A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Iodine Excess on the Intellectual Development of Children in Areas with High Iodine Levels in their Drinking Water. Biol Trace Elem Res 200, 1580–1590 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02801-3

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