Abstract
Despite the high consumption of cosmetics especially hair dyes in Iran, limited studies have measured human exposure to heavy metals in these products. Therefore, due to the sensitivity of the issue from a health perspective, this study was performed for the purpose of dermal risk assessment of heavy metals in different brands of hair dyes in Kashan region. The present study is an analytical-observational study. In this study, 36 samples of hair dyes from four best-selling brands in Kashan market (Iran) were selected; then the concentration of lead, cadmium, nickel, chrome, and cobalt was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and reported as μg g−1 of dry weight; and finally, a health risk assessment was performed. The heavy metal concentrations in the hair dye samples were 1.825, 0.525, 48.15, 2.975, and 0.575 μg g−1 for Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Co respectively that were lower than the permissible limit. Both of HI and LCR were below of 1 and 10−6 that indicated heavy metal in this study had not probable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for the consumers of these products. An exposure-based sensitization Quantitative Risk Assessment determined an absence of skin-sensitizing potential. However, Cr, Ni, and Co were found at concentrations above the allergenic limit of 5 μg g−1. According to the results, although due to low concentrations of toxic metals, there is a low level of exposure to heavy metals in hair dye users, but can cause potential health damage to users.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bocca B, Pino A, Alimonti A, Forte G (2014) Toxic metals contained in cosmetics: a status report. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 68(3):447–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.1002.1003
Zviak C, Millequant J (2005) Hair coloring: non-oxidative coloring. The Science of Hair Care, 2nd ed CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, pp. 251–276
Nohynek GJ, Antignac E, Re T, Toutain H (2010) Safety assessment of personal care products/cosmetics and their ingredients. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 243(2):239–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.1012.1001
Ozbek N, Akman S (2016) Determination of lead, cadmium and nickel in hennas and other hair dyes sold in Turkey. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 79:49–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.1005.1013
Soares AR, Nascentes CC (2013) Simple method for determination of lead in hair dyes using slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Lett 46(2):356–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.00032012.00710868
Sharafi K, Fattahi N, Pirsaheb M, Yarmohamadi H, Fazlzadeh DM (2015) Trace determination of lead in lipsticks and hair dyes using microwave-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Int J Cosmet Sci 37(5):489–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12221
Al-Dayel O, Hefne J, Al-Ajyan T (2011) Human exposure to heavy metals from cosmetics. Orient J Chem 27(1):1–11
Ullah H, Noreen S, Rehman A, Waseem A, Zubair S, Adnan M, Ahmad I (2017) Comparative study of heavy metals content in cosmetic products of different countries marketed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan Arab J Chem 10(1):10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.1009.1021
Mayildurai R, Ramasubbu A, Velmani N (2015) ICP—OES investigations of heavy metal contents in cosmetic products. J Pharm Res 9:27–30
Kilic S, Kilic M, Soylak M (2020) The determination of toxic metals in some traditional cosmetic products and health risk assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-12020-02357-12018
DIRECTIVE BC (2003) of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products
HC-SC, Health Canada-Santé Canada (2011) Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. Available at: http://www.indust/hot-list-critique/hotlist-liste_2011-eng.pdf
HC-SC, Health Canada-Santé Canada (2012) Guidance on Heavy Metal Impurities in Cosmetics. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/indust/heavy_metals-metaux_lourds/index-eng.php
BfR (2006) BfR, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung. Kosmetische Mittel: BfR empfiehlt Schwermetallgehalte über Reinheitsanforderungen der Ausgangsstoffe zu regeln, Stellungnahme Nr. 025/2006 des BfR vom 05. April 2006. http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/kosmetische_mittel_bfr_empfiehlt_schwermetallgehalte_ueber.pdf
SCCS E (2012) The SCCS’s notes of guidance for the testing of cosmetic substances and their safety evaluation–8th revision. SCCS/1501/12. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_s_006.pdf
Khalili F, Mahvi A, Nasseri S, Yunesian M, Djahed B, Yaseri M (2016) Risk Assessment of Non-Carcinogenic Heavy Metals (Barium, Cadmium, and Lead) in Hair Color in Markets of Tehran. IJHE 9(1):27–40. http://ijhe.tums.ac.ir/article-21-5365-en.html
El-Aziz RA, Abbassy MM, Hosny G (2017) Health risk assessment of some heavy metals in cosmetics in common use. Int J Environ Sci Toxicol Res 5(3):53–62
Bernauer U, Bodin L, Chaudry Q, Coenraads P, Dusinska M, Ezendam J, Gaffet E, Galli C, Granum B, Panteri E (2019) Opinion on skin sensitisation Quantitative Risk Assessment for fragrance ingredients (QRA2)-Submission I SCCS/1589/17–Final Opinion (Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, Luxembourg (90 pages)(2019)-ISSN: 1831–4767-ISBN: 978–92–76–00241–3
American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, Water Environment Federation (1912) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association
Office of Water Regulations EPAUS (1989) Assessing Human Health Risks from Chemically Contaminated Fish and Shellfish: A Guidance Manual. US Environmental Protection Agency
FDA U (2011) United State Food Drug & Cosmetic Act on Hazardous Chemicals in Cosmetics
Nduka JK, Odiba IO, Aghoghome EI, Umedum NL, Nwosu MJ (2016) Evaluation of harmful substances and health risk assessment of mercury and arsenic in cosmetic brands in Nigeria. Int J Chem 8(1):178
Safford R (2008) The dermal sensitisation threshold—a TTC approach for allergic contact dermatitis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 51(2):195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.1002.1010
Api AM, Basketter DA, Cadby PA, Cano M-F, Ellis G, Gerberick GF, Griem P, McNamee PM, Ryan CA, Safford R (2008) Dermal sensitization quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for fragrance ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 52(1):3–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.1010.1008
Nathan RJ, Sharma P, Nathan LS (2014) Determination of the toxic lead and copper levels in cosmetic hair-dye powders by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Medico-Legal Update 14(1):35
Gondal M, Maganda Y, Dastageer M, Al Adel F, Naqvi A, Qahtan T (2014) Detection of carcinogenic chromium in synthetic hair dyes using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl Opt 53(8):1636–1643
Mansouri B, Maleli A, Mahmoodi M, Davari B, Shahsavari S (2017) Risk assessment of heavy metals in lipstick and hair dye cosmetics products in Sanandaj. Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci 22 (3):31–39. http://sjku.muk.ac.ir/article-31-3267-en.html
Sharafi K, Fattahi N, Pirsaheb M, Yarmohamadi H, FazlzadehDavil M (2015) Trace determination of lead in lipsticks and hair dyes using microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Int J Cosmet Sci 37(5):489–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12221
Nasirudeen M, Amaechi A (2015) Spectrophotometric determination of heavy metals in cosmetics sourced from Kaduna Metropolis. Nigeria Sci World J 10(3):1–5
FDA FaDA (2013) Chapter I –Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Part 74 – Listing of Color Additives Subject to Certification. Sec. 74.1306 D&C Red No. 6. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=74.1306. Accessed 14 Oct 2013
Food and Drug Administration (2000) Cosmetics: ingredients prohibited & restricted by FDA regulations. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ProductandIngredientSafety/SelectedCosmeticIngredients/ucm127406.html. Accessed 14 Oct 2013
Mohammadi M, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Khodabandeh S (2014) Determination of cadmium and lead concentration in cosmetics (sunscreen, lipstick and hair color). IJHE 6(4):481–490. http://ijhe.tums.ac.ir/article-481-5224-en.html
Sharafi K, Fatahi N, Yarmohammadi H, Moradi M, Dargahi A (2017) Determination of Cadmium and Lead Concentrations in Cosmetics (Lipstick and Hair Color) in Kermanshah Markets. J Health 8(2):143–150. http://ijhe.tums.ac.ir/article-141-5224-en.html
Marzulli F, Watlington P, Maibach H (1978) Exploratory skin penetration findings relating to the use of lead acetate hair dyes. Hair as a test tissue for monitoring uptake of systemic lead. Curr Probl Dermatol 7:196–204
Hussein HJ (2015) Evaluation of the concentration of some heavy metals in hair dyes in Baghdad. Int J Sci Res 4(2):687–691
Iwegbue CM, Onyeloni SO, Bassey FI, Tesi GO, Ogboru RO, Martincigh BS (2016) Safety evaluation of metal exposure from commonly used hair dyes and tattoo inks in Nigeria. J Environ Health 78(6):26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.1001.1015
Khalili F, Mahvi AH, Nasseri S, Yunesian M, Yaseri M, Djahed B (2019) Health risk assessment of dermal exposure to heavy metals content of chemical hair dyes. Iran J Public Health 48(5):902
Godt J, Scheidig F, Grosse-Siestrup C, Esche V, Brandenburg P, Reich A, Groneberg DA (2006) The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. J Occup Med Toxicol 1(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-1181-1122
International Agency for Research on Cancer (1993) Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and exposures in the glass. Apresentado em: IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Beryllium, Lyon
International Agency for Research on Cancer (1990) Chromium, nickel and welding. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 49
Uter W, Aberer W, Armario-Hita JC, Fernandez-Vozmediano JM, Ayala F, Balato A, Bauer A, Ballmer-Weber B, Beliauskiene A, Fortina AB (2012) Current patch test results with the European baseline series and extensions to it from the ‘European Surveillance System on Contact Allergy’network, 2007–2008. Contact Dermatitis 67(1):9–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02070.x
Machovcova A, Dastychova E, Kostalova D, Vojtechovska A, Reslova J, Smejkalova D, Vaneckova J, Vocilkova A (2005) Common contact sensitizers in the Czech Republic. Patch test results in 12,058 patients with suspected contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 53(3):162–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00676.x
Sharma VK, Chakrabarti A (1998) Common contact sensitizers in Chandigarh, India: a study of 200 patients with the European standard series. Contact Dermatitis 38(3):127–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05677.x
Lim DS, Roh TH, Kim MK, Kwon YC, Choi SM, Kwack SJ, Kim KB, Yoon S, Kim HS, Lee B-M (2018) Non-cancer, cancer, and dermal sensitization risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetics. J Toxicol Env Heal A 81(11):432–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.15282018.11451191
Funding
This work was supported by the Vice Chancellor of Research & Technology kashan University of Medical Sciences under Grant number 97005.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Fahimeh karamali and Zahra abooSaedi collected the samples and carried out the experiments. Fahimeh karamali wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Gholamreza Mostafaii carried out the experiment (ICP-OES). Fatemeh Atoof carried out the data analysis. Mohammad bagher Miranzadeh, Fahimeh karamali, and Mohsen Hesami Arani edited the manuscript and reviewed the final version of manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript before submission. Mohsen Hesami Arani responded the reviewers’ comments.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Issue
This article was extracted from a plan approved by the Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences (Approval code: 97,005), and the ethical code of the Ethics Committee will be IR.KAUMS.NUHEPM.REC.1397.002.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The authors certify that this manuscript is the original work of the authors, all data collected during the study are presented in the manuscript, and no data from the study has been or will be published separately.
Supplementary information
ESM 1
(PDF 3.13 mb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mostafaii, G., Karamali, F., abooSaedi, Z. et al. Determination of Heavy Metals in Hair Dye Sale in Iranian Market: Dermal Sensitivity and Carcinogenicity Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 200, 1464–1472 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02738-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02738-7