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Evaluation of Contamination Status and Health Risk Assessment of Essential and Toxic Metals in Cyprinus carpio from Mangla Lake, Pakistan

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Abstract

Although fish as a diet has many health benefits, metal accumulation in fish has been an increasing public health concerns across the world. The Cyprinus carpio samples were collected from Mangla Lake, Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, and analyzed for 18 essential and toxic trace metals. In edible muscles of the fish, average concentration (μg/g) of K (3002) was the highest, followed by Na (648), Ca (435), Mg (227), and Zn (161). Relatively lower levels (μg/g) were noted for Fe (16.9), Pb (6.05), Sr (4.01), Se (3.49), Co (2.90), Ni (2.37), Mn (2.29), As (1.48), and Cu (1.37), while least levels (μg/g) were found for Cr (0.61), Cd (0.52), Hg (0.15), and Li (0.09) in muscles. Majority of the metals revealed higher accumulation in gills compared with those in scales and muscles. Mean levels of Zn, Mn, Co, Pb, As, and Cd in Cyprinus carpio muscles were found to be exceeding most of the international permissible limits in muscles for safe human consumption. Estimated daily/weekly intakes and hazard quotients/index suggested a high risk related to the intake of Cyprinus carpio from Mangla Lake due to heavy metal contamination. Likewise, target cancer risk (TCR) also indicated significant lifetime carcinogenic health risks to the consumers.

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Acknowledgments

We are thankful to the administration of Mangla Lake, Mirpur, Pakistan, for their cooperation during sample collection.

Funding

The research funding was awarded by Higher Education Commission (HEC) and Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, to carry out this project.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Muhammad Saleem & Munir H. Shah

  2. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    Zongbo Shi

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Correspondence to Munir H. Shah.

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Saleem, M., Shi, Z. & Shah, M.H. Evaluation of Contamination Status and Health Risk Assessment of Essential and Toxic Metals in Cyprinus carpio from Mangla Lake, Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 199, 4284–4294 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02540-x

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