Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Concentration and Probabilistic Health Risk of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Edible Mushrooms (Wild and Cultivated) Samples Collected from Different Cities of Iran

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study was devoted to investigate the PTE concentrations including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper(Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic(As), and zinc (Zn) among six types of edible wild, 23 cultivated mushroom samples collected from Iran’s market by the aid of an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Also, the related health risk assessment was established by the aid of the Monte Carlo simulation method (MSC). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were ranged 0.001–0.048 and 0.003–0.160 ppm, respectively. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined in the ranges of 0.003–11. 5, 0.0008–5.89, 0.32–26.32, 9.15–110.08, 15.25–751.17, 0.16–2.24, 2.1–60.47, 1.21–24.22, 0.16–8.92, and 37.13–268.11 mg kg−1, respectively. According to findings, highest mean concentration of Cr in both types of mushrooms (cultivated and wild) was lower than recommended level by Codex Alimentarius/Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (CODEX/FAO/WHO) while the corresponding values for Hg (0.87 mg kg−1), As (1.39 mg kg−1), Ni (10.08 mg kg−1), Cu (36.65 mg kg−1), Cr (10.44 mg kg−1), Cd (0.589 mg kg−1), Fe (201.04 mg kg−1), Mn (10.30 mg kg−1), Zn (2266.43 mg kg−1), and Pb (3.81 mg kg−1) were higher than related standard levels. According to the health risk assessment, no concern regarding the non-carcinogenic risk due to the ingestion of PTEs via the consumption of the edible mushrooms, except Hg in wild mushrooms for children, was noted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Zied DC, Pardo-Giménez A (2017) Edible and medicinal mushrooms: technology and applications. Wiley

  2. Wang Y, Xu B (2014) Distribution of antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents in acetone, ethanol, water and hot water extracts from 20 edible mushrooms via sequential extraction. Austin J Nutr Food Sci 2(1):5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Zied DC et al (2011) Soybean the main nitrogen source in cultivation substrates of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Soybean Nutr 22:433–452

    Google Scholar 

  4. Waktola G, Temesgen T (2018) Application of mushroom as food and medicine. Adv Biotechnol Microbiol 113:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  5. Muleta D et al (2013) Mushroom consumption habits of Wacha Kebele resident, southwestern Ethiopia. Glob Res J Agric Biol Sci 4(1):6–16

    Google Scholar 

  6. Melgar MJ, Alonso J, García MA (2016) Cadmium in edible mushrooms from NW Spain: bioconcentration factors and consumer health implications. Food Chem Toxicol 88:13–20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Zavastin DE et al (2018) Metal content and crude polysaccharide characterization of selected mushrooms growing in Romania. J Food Compos Anal 67:149–158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cheung P (2010) The nutritional and health benefits of mushrooms. Nutr Bull 35(4):292–299

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kalač P (2013) A review of chemical composition and nutritional value of wild-growing and cultivated mushrooms. J Sci Food Agric 93(2):209–218

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Latiff LA et al (1996) Relative distribution of minerals in the pileus and stalk of some selected edible mushrooms. Food Chem 56(2):115–121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Talpur NA, Echard BW, Fan AY, Jaffari O, Bagchi D, Preuss HG (2002) Antihypertensive and metabolic effects of whole Maitake mushroom powder and its fractions in two rat strains. Mol Cell Biochem 237(1–2):129–136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Jeong SC et al (2010) White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) lowers blood glucose and cholesterol levels in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic rats. Nutr Res 30(1):49–56

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lavi I et al (2006) An aqueous polysaccharide extract from the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus induces anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on HT-29 colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 244(1):61–70

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Krupa P, Kozdroj J (2004) Accumulation of heavy metals by ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing birch trees growing in an industrial desert soil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 20(4):427–430

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Peykarestan B et al (2020) The concentration and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of aluminium in fruits, soil, and water collected from Iran. Int J Environ Anal Chem:1–16

  16. Rezaei H et al (2019) Health-risk assessment related to the fluoride, nitrate, and nitrite in the drinking water in the Sanandaj, Kurdistan County, Iran. Human Ecol Risk Assess 25(5):1242–1250

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Heshmati A, Ghadimi S, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Barba FJ, Lorenzo JM, Nazemi F, Fakhri Y (2018) Risk assessment of benzene in food samples of Iran's market. Food Chem Toxicol 114:278–284

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Khaneghah AM et al (2018) Impact of unit operations during processing of cereal-based products on the levels of deoxynivalenol, total aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Chem 268:611–624

    Google Scholar 

  19. Shariatifar N et al (2017) Assessment of heavy metal content in refined and unrefined salts obtained from Urmia, Iran. Toxin Rev 36(2):89–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Liu B et al (2015) Study of heavy metal concentrations in wild edible mushrooms in Yunnan Province, China. Food Chem 188:294–300

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fathabad AE, Shariatifar N, Moazzen M, Nazmara S, Fakhri Y, Alimohammadi M, Azari A, Mousavi Khaneghah A (2018) Determination of heavy metal content of processed fruit products from Tehran's market using ICP-OES: a risk assessment study. Food Chem Toxicol 115:436–446

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Mateo-Sagasta, J., et al., (2018) More people, more food, worse water?: a global review of water pollution from agriculture. Rome, Italy: FAO Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management …

  23. Razzaghi N, Ziarati P, Rastegar H, Shoeibi S, Amirahmadi M, Conti GO, Ferrante M, Fakhri Y, Mousavi Khaneghah A (2018) The concentration and probabilistic health risk assessment of pesticide residues in commercially available olive oils in Iran. Food Chem Toxicol 120:32–40

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Stihi C et al (2011) Studies on accumulation of heavy metals from substrate to edible wild. Roman J Physics 56(1–2):257–264

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Welch RM (2005) Biotechnology, biofortification, and global health. Food Nutr Bull 26(4_suppl3):S304–S306

    Google Scholar 

  26. Yousefi M, Shemshadi G, Khorshidian N, Ghasemzadeh-Mohammadi V, Fakhri Y, Hosseini H, Mousavi Khaneghah A (2018) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content of edible vegetable oils in Iran: a risk assessment study. Food Chem Toxicol 118:480–489

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Shukla SR, Pai RS (2005) Adsorption of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) on modified jute fibres. Bioresour Technol 96(13):1430–1438

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mahurpawar M (2015) Effects of heavy metals on human health. Int J Res Granthaalayah 530:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  29. Järup L (2003) Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br Med Bull 68(1):167–182

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cheraghi M et al (2013) Evaluation of heavy metal concentration in compost, soil cover and button mushroom in Kurdistan greenhouses. J Food Hygiene 2(4)

  31. Atamaleki A et al (2020) The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in eggs: a global systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment. Trends Food Sci Technol 95:1–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Atamaleki A et al (2019) The concentration of potentially toxic elements in eggs: a systematic review-meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment. Trends Food Sci Technol

  33. Fakhri Y et al (2019) Bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in muscle Tilapia spp fish: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and non-carcinogenic risk assessment. Toxin Rev:1–11

  34. Khaneghah AM et al (2019) Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in cereal-based foods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trends Food Sci Technol

  35. Zhu F et al (2011) Assessment of heavy metals in some wild edible mushrooms collected from Yunnan Province, China. 179(1–4):191–199

  36. Raj DD et al (2011) Mushrooms in the remediation of heavy metals from soil. Int J Environ Pollut Control Manag 3(1):89–101

    Google Scholar 

  37. Demirbaş A (2001) Heavy metal bioaccumulation by mushrooms from artificially fortified soils. Food Chem 74(3):293–301

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fakhri Y et al (2019) The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in honey: a global systematic review and meta-analysis and risk assessment. Trends Food Sci Technol

  39. Rezaei M, Ghasemidehkordi B, Peykarestan B, Shariatifar N, Jafari M, Fakhri Y, Jabbari M, Khaneghah AM (2019) Potentially toxic element concentration in fruits collected from Markazi Province (Iran): a probabilistic health risk assessment. Biomed Environ Sci 32(11):839–853

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Udochukwu U et al (2014) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and pollutants by edible mushroom collected from Iselu market Benin-city. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 3(10):52–57

    Google Scholar 

  41. Türkmen, M. and N. Dura (2016) Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in fish from south western black sea

  42. Joint F et al (2004) Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food: sixty-second report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. World Health Organization

  43. Jamuna, P.J.J.o.f.s. and technology (2010) Evaluation of certain food additives. Sixty-ninth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). WHO Technical Report Series No. 952. 2009. World Health Organization. Geneva, pages 208 47(4): 465–467

  44. Abdollahi, M., et al. (2014) Socio-economic differences in dietary intakes: the comprehensive study on household food consumption patterns and nutritional status of IR Iran

  45. Nazaroff W, Alvarez-Cohen L (2001) Environmental engineering science. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  46. Jahanbakhsh M et al (2019) Probabilistic health risk assessment (Monte Carlo simulation method) and prevalence of aflatoxin B1 in wheat flours of Iran. Int J Environ Anal Chem:1–12

  47. Madani-Tonekaboni M et al (2019) Monitoring and risk assessment of lead and cadmium in milks from east of Iran using Monte Carlo simulation method. Nutr Food Sci Res 6(2):29–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ihugba UA et al (2018) Heavy metal determination and health risk assessment of oyster mushroom Pleurotus tuberregium (Fr.) Singer, collected from selected markets in Imo State. Nigeria. Am J Environ Protect 6(1):22–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Sharafi K, Yunesian M, Nodehi RN, Mahvi AH, Pirsaheb M (2019) A systematic literature review for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice types (domestic and imported) in Iran: human health risk assessment, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 176:64–75

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. EPA, U.,(2002) A review of the reference dose and reference concentration processes. EPA/630/P-02

  51. EPA, U.,(2015) United States Environmental Protection Agency, in Quantitative Risk Assessment Calculations 7–9. 2015

  52. Moradi-Khatoonabadi Z et al (2015) Synthetic food colours in saffron solutions, saffron rice and saffron chicken from restaurants in Tehran, Iran. Food Additives Contaminants: Part B 8(1):12–17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Dadar M et al (2017) Trace element concentration and its risk assessment in common kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia Bordin, 1904) from southern basin of Caspian Sea. Toxin Rev 36(3):222–227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ghasemidehkordi, B., et al. (2018) Concentration of lead and mercury in collected vegetables and herbs from Markazi province, Iran: Non-carcinogenic risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol

  55. Sultana MS et al (2017) Health risk assessment for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic heavy metal exposures from vegetables and fruits of Bangladesh. Cogent Environ Sci 3(1):1291107

    Google Scholar 

  56. Antoine JM et al (2017) Assessment of the potential health risks associated with the aluminium, arsenic, cadmium and lead content in selected fruits and vegetables grown in Jamaica. Toxicol Rep 4:181–187

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Siddique, F and N. Vigasini (n.d.) Assessment of levels of specific synthetic food colours and preservatives in selected commonly consumed food products in Chennai

  58. Anbari, M., et al. (2011) Investigation of lead and cadmium contents of cultivated edible mushrooms consumed in Tehran

  59. Sobhan Ardakani S, Jahangard A (2017) Toxicological assessment of inorganic arsenic and zinc content in button mushrooms. J Adv Environ Health Res 5(4):246–251

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Murray H et al (2011) Compost application affects metal uptake in plants grown in urban garden soils and potential human health risk. J Soils Sediments 11(5):815–829

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kalač P, Svoboda Lr (2000) A review of trace element concentrations in edible mushrooms. Food Chem 69(3):273–281

    Google Scholar 

  62. Owaid MN (2015) Mineral elements content in two sources of Agaricus bisporus in Iraqi market. J Adv Appl Sci 3(2):46–50

    Google Scholar 

  63. Asgharzadeh, F., et al. (2014) Evaluation of cadmium, lead and zinc content of compost produced in Babol Composting Plant

  64. HOODAJI M et al (2015) The effect of compost on release and transport of heavy metals (Zn, Cu) in soil. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 36(3):685–692

    Google Scholar 

  65. Jafari J et al (2014) Survey of the effects of soil type on the leaching and adsorption of heavy metals (chromium, lead and cadmium) after compost application on the soils. Iran J Health Environ 6(4):523–534

    Google Scholar 

  66. CHERAGHI, M., et al. (2013) Evaluation of heavy metal concentration in compost, SOIL COVER AND BUTTON MUSHROOM IN KURDISTAN GREENHOUSES

  67. Sobhanardakani S et al (2016) Assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface soils of Ahvaz IV industrial estate, Khuzestan province, Iran. Iran J Health Sci 4(1):53–61

    Google Scholar 

  68. Khanlari ZV, Jalali M (2008) Concentrations and chemical speciation of five heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Pb) in selected agricultural calcareous soils of Hamadan Province, western Iran. Arch Agron Soil Sci 54(1):19–32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Mendil D et al (2004) Determination of trace elements on some wild edible mushroom samples from Kastamonu, Turkey. 88(2):281–285

  70. Isildak Ö et al (2004) Analysis of heavy metals in some wild-grown edible mushrooms from the middle black sea region, Turkey. 86(4):547–552

  71. Khodabakhshi A et al (2016) Investigation of heavy metals in edible mushrooms consumed in Shahrekord. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci 18(1):54–62

    Google Scholar 

  72. Das, N. (2005) Heavy metals biosorption by mushrooms

  73. Sinha, S.K., et al. (n.d.) Heavy metals detection in white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivated in state of Maharashtra, INDIA

  74. Kalač PJFC (2010) Trace element contents in European species of wild growing edible mushrooms: a review for the period 2000–2009. 122(1):2–15

  75. Cheng J, Zhang X, Tang Z, Yang Y, Nie Z, Huang Q (2017) Concentrations and human health implications of heavy metals in market foods from a Chinese coal-mining city. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 50:37–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Yang H et al (2013) Cross-species extrapolation of prediction models for cadmium transfer from soil to corn grain. 8(12):e80855

  77. FAO/WHO, C.A.C.J.G (1995) Position paper on cadmium

  78. Türkmen M, Budur DJFC (2018) Heavy metal contaminations in edible wild mushroom species from Turkey’s Black Sea region. 254:256–259

  79. Radulescu C et al (2010) Studies concerning heavy metals bioaccumulation of wild edible mushrooms from industrial area by using spectrometric techniques. 84(5):641–646

  80. Tüzen MJMJ (2003) Determination of heavy metals in soil, mushroom and plant samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. 74(3):289–297

  81. Yamaç M et al (2007) Heavy metals in some edible mushrooms from the Central Anatolia, Turkey. 103(2):263–267

  82. Turkekul I et al (2004) Determination of iron, copper, manganese, zinc, lead, and cadmium in mushroom samples from Tokat, Turkey. 84(3):389–392

  83. Sesli E, Tuzen M, Soylak M (2008) Evaluation of trace metal contents of some wild edible mushrooms from Black sea region, Turkey. J Hazard Mater 160(2–3):462–467

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sarikurkcu C et al (2011) Metal concentration of wild edible mushrooms in Soguksu National Park in Turkey. Food Chem 128(3):731–734

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Zhu F, Qu L, Fan W, Qiao M, Hao H, Wang X (2011) Assessment of heavy metals in some wild edible mushrooms collected from Yunnan Province, China. Environ Monit Assess 179(1–4):191–199

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Chen X-H et al (2009) Analysis of several heavy metals in wild edible mushrooms from regions of China. 83(2):280

  87. Maskan M (2001) Drying, shrinkage and rehydration characteristics of kiwifruits during hot air and microwave drying. J Food Eng 48(2):177–182

    Google Scholar 

  88. Falandysz J, Bielawski LJFC (2007) Mercury and its bioconcentration factors in Brown Birch Scaber Stalk (Leccinum scabrum) from various sites in Poland. 105(2):635–640

  89. Falandysz J, Gucia M (2008) Bioconcentration factors of mercury by parasol mushroom (Macrolepiota procera). Environ Geochem Health 30(2):121–125

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kalac, P and L. Svoboda (2004) Contents of detrimental metals mercury, cadmium and lead in wild growing edible mushrooms: a review, Energy Education Science and Technology

  91. Širić I et al (2016) Heavy metal bioaccumulation by wild edible saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. 23(18):18239–18252

  92. Sarikurkcu C, Tepe B, Kocak MS, Uren MC (2015) Metal concentration and antioxidant activity of edible mushrooms from Turkey. Food Chem 175:549–555

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Khodabakhshi, A., et al. (2016) Investigation of heavy metals in edible mushrooms consumed in Shahrekord 18

  94. Hashish SM et al (2012) Mineral and heavy metals content in eggs of local hens at different geographic areas in Egypt. Global Vet 8(3):298–304

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. USEPA (2016) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Supplemental guidance for assessing susceptibility from early-life exposure to carcinogens. http://www3.epa.gov/ airtoxics/childrens supplement final.pdf (Accessed on Jan 25, 2016)

  96. Huang C-L, Bao LJ, Luo P, Wang ZY, Li SM, Zeng EY (2016) Potential health risk for residents around a typical e-waste recycling zone via inhalation of size-fractionated particle-bound heavy metals. J Hazard Mater 317:449–456

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The Tehran University of Medical Sciences supported this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Hadis Karami, Nabi Shariatifar, Shahrokh Nazmara, Mojtaba Moazzen & Babak Mahmoodi

  2. Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

    Amin Mousavi Khaneghah

Authors
  1. Hadis Karami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nabi Shariatifar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shahrokh Nazmara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mojtaba Moazzen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Babak Mahmoodi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nabi Shariatifar.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karami, H., Shariatifar, N., Nazmara, S. et al. The Concentration and Probabilistic Health Risk of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Edible Mushrooms (Wild and Cultivated) Samples Collected from Different Cities of Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res 199, 389–400 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02130-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02130-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation