Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Effect of Iodine-Containing Vitamin Supplementation During Pregnancy on Thyroid Function in Late Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression in an Iodine-Sufficient Area

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iodine supplementation during pregnancy on thyroid function and also its effect on postpartum depression in an iodine-sufficient area. Healthy pregnant women were divided into three groups: group A (vitamin iodine–150) receiving vitamin containing 150 μg iodine, group B (vitamin iodine–0) receiving vitamin without iodine, and group C (no vitamin) receiving no vitamin. General information was collected by questionnaire and thyroid function was determined in the third trimester of pregnancy. Depression was assessed 1 month postpartum by the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS). The results showed that there was no significant difference in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level among the three groups (P > 0.05). FT4 concentration was significantly lower in group A (n = 234: 10.68 pmol/L) than in group B (n = 220: 11.47 pmol/L) and group C (n = 195: 11.64 pmol/L) (P < 0.05), However, it was still within the normal range. EPDS scores obtained from group B (3.50) and group C (3.00) were similar but markedly lower than group A (5.00) (P < 0.05). Despite the difference in the EPDS score, the prevalence of postpartum depression was not significantly different among the three groups. In conclusion, 150 μg/day iodine supplementation for pregnant women in areas with adequate iodine had little effect on thyroid function in the third trimester, and serum FT4 level could not be increased. Iodine supplementation during pregnancy also had no significant effect on postpartum depression.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Vanderpas J (2006) Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 26:293–322. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103810

  2. Pharoah PO, Buttfield IH, Hetzel BS (1971) Neurological damage to the fetus resulting from severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy. Lancet 1(7694):308–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(71)91040-3

  3. Dillon JC, Milliez J (2000) Reproductive failure in women living in iodine deficient areas of West Africa. BJOG 107(5):631–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13305.x

  4. Cobra C, Muhilal RK, Rustama D, Djatnika SSS, Permaesih D, Muherdiyantiningsih MS, Semba RD (1997) Infant survival is improved by oral iodine supplementation. J Nutr 127(4):574–578. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.4.574

  5. Pop VJ, Kuijpens JL, van Baar AL, Verkerk G, van Son MM, de Vijlder JJ, Vulsma T, Wiersinga WM, Drexhage HA, Vader HL (1999) Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol 50(2):149–155. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00639.x

  6. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, Williams JR, Knight GJ, Gagnon J, O'Heir CE, Mitchell ML, Hermos RJ, Waisbren SE, Faix JD, Klein RZ (1999) Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med 341(8):549–555. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199908193410801

  7. Glinoer D (2006) Iodine nutrition requirements during pregnancy. Thyroid 16(10):947–948. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2006.16.947

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EK, Amino N, Barbour L, Cobin RH, Eastman CJ, Lazarus JH, Luton D, Mandel SJ, Mestman J, Rovet J, Sullivan S (2012) Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(8):2543–2565. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2803

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Taylor PN, Okosieme OE, Dayan CM, Lazarus JH (2013) Therapy of endocrine disease: impact of iodine supplementation in mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 170(1):R1–R15. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-13-0651

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Moleti M, Di Bella B, Giorgianni G, Mancuso A, De Vivo A, Alibrandi A, Trimarchi F, Vermiglio F (2011) Maternal thyroid function in different conditions of iodine nutrition in pregnant women exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: an observational study. Clin Endocrinol 74(6):762–768. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04007.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cao XY, Jiang XM, Dou ZH, Rakeman MA, Zhang ML, O’Donnell K, Ma T, Amette K, DeLong N, DeLong GR (1994) Timing of vulnerability of the brain to iodine deficiency in endemic cretinism. N Engl J Med 331(26):1739–1744. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199412293312603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Connolly KJ, Pharoah PO, Hetzel BS (1979) Fetal iodine deficiency and motor performance during childhood. Lancet 2(8153):1149–1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92382-1

  13. Siegmann EM, Müller HHO, Luecke C, Philipsen A, Kornhuber J, Grömer TW (2018) Association of depression and anxiety disorders with autoimmune thyroiditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 75(6):577–584. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0190

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Li C, Shan Z, Mao J, Wang W, Xie X, Zhou W, Li C, Xu B, Bi L, Meng T, Du J, Zhang S, Gao Z, Zhang X, Yang L, Fan C, Teng W (2014) Assessment of thyroid function during first-trimester pregnancy: what is the rational upper limit of serum TSH during the first trimester in Chinese pregnant women? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(1):73–79. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-1674

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhang X, Yao B, Li C, Mao J, Wang W, Xie X, Teng X, Han C, Zhou W, Li C, Xu B, Bi L, Meng T, Du J, Zhang S, Gao Z, Yang L, Fan C, Teng W, Shan Z (2016) Reference intervals of thyroid function during pregnancy: self-sequential longitudinal study versus cross-sectional study. Thyroid 26(12):1786–1793. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chou J, Wang Z, Luo L, Mei L (2001) The clinical use of Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry 13(4)

  17. Glinoer D (2004) The regulation of thyroid function during normal pregnancy: importance of the iodine nutrition status. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 18(2):133–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2004.03.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lazarus J. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al (2000-2016) Thyroid regulation and dysfunction in the pregnant patient. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-.2016 Jul 21

  19. Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, Brown RS, Chen H, Dosiou C, Grobman WA, Laurberg P, Lazarus JH, Mandel SJ, Peeters RP, Sullivan S (2017) 2017 guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid 27(3):315–389. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0457

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ferreira SM, Navarro AM, Magalhães PK, Maciel LM (2014) Iodine insufficiency in pregnant women from the state of São Paulo. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 58(3):282–287. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-2730000002979

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Levie D, Korevaar TIM, Bath SC, Dalmau-Bueno A, Murcia M, Espada M, Dineva M, Ibarluzea JM, Sunyer J, Tiemeier H, Rebagliato M, Rayman MP, Peeters RP, Guxens M (2018) Thyroid function in early pregnancy, child IQ, and autistic traits: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 103(8):2967–2979. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-00224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Moleti M, Lo Presti VP, Campolo MC, Mattina F, Galletti M, Mandolfino M, Violi MA, Giorgianni G, De Domenico D, Trimarchi F, Vermiglio F (2008) Iodine prophylaxis using iodized salt and risk of maternal thyroid failure in conditions of mild iodine deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(7):2616–2521. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0352

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Moleti M, Trimarchi F, Tortorella G, Candia Longo A, Giorgianni G, Sturniolo G, Alibrandi A, Vermiglio F (2016) Effects of maternal iodine nutrition and thyroid status on cognitive development in offspring: a pilot study. Thyroid 26(2):296–305. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2015.0336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Glinoer D, De Nayer P, Delange F, Lemone M, Toppet V, Spehl M, Grün JP, Kinthaert J, Lejeune B (1995) A randomized trial for the treatment of mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80(1):258–269. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.80.1.7829623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Pedersen KM, Laurberg P, Iversen E, Knudsen PR, Gregersen HE, Rasmussen OS, Larsen KR, Eriksen GM, Johannesen PL (1993) Amelioration of some pregnancy-associated variations in thyroid function by iodine supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77(4):1078–1083. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.77.4.8408456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Romano R, Jannini EA, Pepe M, Grimaldi A, Olivieri M, Spennati P, Cappa F, D'Armiento M (1991) The effects of iodoprophylaxis on thyroid size during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164(2):482–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(11)80004-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Fadeyev V, Lesnikova S, Melnichenko G (2003) Prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnant women with mild iodine deficiency. Gynecol Endocrinol 17(5):413–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590312331290318

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Liesenkötter KP, Göpel W, Bogner U, Stach B, Grüters A (1996) Earliest prevention of endemic goiter by iodine supplementation during pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol 134(4):443–438. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1340443

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Farebrother J, Naude CE, Nicol L, Andersson M, Zimmermann MB (2015) Iodised salt and iodine supplements for prenatal and postnatal growth: a rapid scoping of existing systematic reviews. Nutr J 14:89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0079-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Delange F (1996) Administration of iodized oil during pregnancy: a summary of the published evidence. Bull World Health Organ 74(1):101–108

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Astrzębska H, Kochman M, Bartoszewicz Z, Ołtarzewski M, Dębski R, Zgliczyński W (2016) Iodine supplementation during pregnancy of hypothyroid women treated with L-thyroxine neither influences neonatal TSH nor prevents decrease in maternal free thyroid hormone concentrations in second and third trimesters. Endokrynol Pol 67(4):367–374. https://doi.org/10.5603/EP.a2016.0049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Teng W, Shan Z, Teng X, Guan H, Li Y, Teng D, Jin Y, Yu X, Fan C, Chong W, Yang F, Dai H, Yu Y, Li J, Chen Y, Zhao D, Shi X, Hu F, Mao J, Gu X, Yang R, Tong Y, Wang W, Gao T, Li C (2006) Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China. N Engl J Med 354(26):2783–2793. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa054022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Sang Z, Wei W, Zhao N, Zhang G, Chen W, Liu H, Shen J, Liu J, Yan Y, Zhang W (2012) Thyroid dysfunction during late gestation is associated with excessive iodine intake in pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(8):E1363–E1369. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-3438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Shi X, Han C, Li C, Mao J, Wang W, Xie X, Li C, Xu B, Meng T, Du J, Zhang S, Gao Z, Zhang X, Fan C, Shan Z, Teng W (2015) Optimal and safe upper limits of iodine intake for early pregnancy in iodine-sufficient regions: a cross-sectional study of 7190 pregnant women in China. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(4):1630–1638. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3704z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Rebagliato M, Murcia M, Espada M, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Bolúmar F, VioqueJ BM, Blarduni E, Ramón R, Guxens M, Foradada CM, Ballester F, Ibarluzea J, Sunyer J (2010) Iodine intake and maternal thyroid function during pregnancy. Epidemiology 21(1):62–69. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181c1592b

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Manousou S, Johansson B, Chmielewska A, Eriksson J, Gutefeldt K, Tornhage CJ, Eggertsen R, Malmgren H, Hulthen L, Domellöf M, Nystrom Filipsson H (2018) Role of iodine-containing multivitamins during pregnancy for children’s brain function: protocol of an ongoing randomised controlled trial: the SWIDDICH study. BMJ Open 8(4):e019945. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019945

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Fan Q, Long Q, De Silva V, Gunarathna N, Jayathilaka U, Dabrera T, Lynn H, Østbye T (2019) Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression in Sri Lanka: a population-based study. Asian J Psychiatr 47:101855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101855

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Koutra K, Vassilaki M, Georgiou V, Koutis A, Bitsios P, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L (2018) Pregnancy, perinatal and postpartum complications as determinants of postpartum depression: the Rhea mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 27(3):244–255. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016001062

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Fisher J, Tran T, Duc Tran T, Dwyer T, Nguyen T, Casey GJ, Anne Simpson J, Hanieh S, Biggs BA (2013) Prevalence and risk factors for symptoms of common mental disorders in early and late pregnancy in Vietnamese women: a prospective population-based study. J Affect Disord 146(2):213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gaillard A, Le Strat Y, Mandelbrot L, Keita H, Dubertret C (2014) Predictors of postpartum depression: prospective study of 264 women followed during pregnancy and postpartum. Psychiatry Res 215(2):341–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Bouhouch RR, Bouhouch S, Cherkaoui M, Aboussad A, Stinca S, Haldimann M, Andersson M, Zimmermann MB (2014) Direct iodine supplementation of infants versus supplementation of their breastfeeding mothers: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2(3):197–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70155-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Pedersen C, Leserman J, Garcia N, Stansbury M, Meltzer-Brody S, Johnson J (2016) Late pregnancy thyroid-binding globulin predicts perinatal depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 65:84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Pedersen CA, Johnson JL, Silva S, Bunevicius R, Meltzer-Brody S, Hamer RM, Leserman J (2007) Antenatal thyroid correlates of postpartum depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32(3):235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are in debt to individuals for their contributions to this study. We thank Renee Wang for her great assistance in linguistic editing and revisions.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Zixiao Wang and Chenyang Li contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Institute of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

    Zixiao Wang & Haixia Guan

  2. Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shenyang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

    Chenyang Li, Yunping Guan, Li Zhang, Xi Jia, Dandan Cui & Jing Li

  3. Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shenyang Fifth People Hospital, Shenyang, 110023, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

    Ying Teng

Authors
  1. Zixiao Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chenyang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ying Teng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yunping Guan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Li Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xi Jia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Dandan Cui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Jing Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Haixia Guan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Haixia Guan.

Ethics declarations

All research protocols described were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shenyang Maternity and Child Health Hospital and were congruent with the declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, Z., Li, C., Teng, Y. et al. The Effect of Iodine-Containing Vitamin Supplementation During Pregnancy on Thyroid Function in Late Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression in an Iodine-Sufficient Area. Biol Trace Elem Res 198, 1–7 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02032-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02032-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation