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Hypertension and Salt-Restrictive Diet Promotes Low Urinary Iodine Concentration in High-Risk Pregnant Women: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study Conducted After Salt Iodination Reduction in Brazil

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Abstract

During pregnancy, the demand for daily iodine increases by 50–70% which occurs to reach around 250 μg/day. Limited information is available on the association of high-risk pregnancy (HRP) with urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and variables such as socioeconomic factors. To analyze iodine nutritional status and socioeconomic, demographic and anthropometric characteristics among women with HRP screened at the main referral public health center at Bahia, Brazil, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 241 women with HRP (15–46 years old) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The median UIC (MUIC) was 119 μg/L (25–75th, 58.7–200.4 μg/L), indicating mild iodine deficiency. Low UIC (< 150 μg/L) was detected in 61.8% (n = 149) – 18.3% between 100 and 150 μg/L, 24.5% between 50 and 100 μg/L, and 19.1% with UIC < 50 μg/L. Overall, 53% (n = 128) of our population adhered to a low-salt diet, and 32.5% (n = 77) had hypertension. Among the 73% of hypertensive women adhering to a salt-restricted diet, there was a 112% increased risk of iodine deficiency observed (OR = 2.127; 95% confidence interval [1.178–3.829]; p = 0.011). Adhering to a salt-restricted diet was associated with iodine deficiency (OR = 1.82; 95% confidence interval [1.073–3.088], p = 0,026). Hypertension and salt restriction diet significantly increased susceptibility for iodine deficiency in HRP. Therefore, low-salt diet when prescribed to pregnant women (PW) might be carefully followed by iodine nutritional status assessment or universal preconception iodine supplementation.

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Abbreviations

SHT:

Systemic hypertension

HRP:

High-risk pregnancy

ID:

Iodine deficiency

EI:

Excess of iodine

SRD:

Salt-restricted diet

BMI:

Body mass index

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Funding

This study was supported by State of Bahia Research Foundation (FAPESB Edital PPSUS 029/2012) grant (TOU PET0002/2013).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioregulation, Health & Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon, S/N. Vale do Canela, Room 301, Salvador, BA, Brazil

    Luciana Sant’Ana Leone de Souza, Renata de Oliveira Campos, Vitor dos Santos Alves, Taíse Lima Oliveira Cerqueira & Helton Estrela Ramos

  2. Post-graduate Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems. Health & Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

    Luciana Sant’Ana Leone de Souza, Renata de Oliveira Campos, Crésio de Aragão Dantas Alves & Helton Estrela Ramos

  3. Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

    Luciana Sant’Ana Leone de Souza

  4. Federal University of Reconcavo da Bahia, Santo Antonio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil

    Renata de Oliveira Campos & Alina Coutinho Rodrigues Feitosa

  5. Department of Biological Sciences, Southwestern State University of Bahia, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil

    Thiago Magalhães da Silva

  6. Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

    Leonardo Sena Gomes Teixeira

  7. Maternidade Professor José Maria de Magalhaes Netto, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

    Alina Coutinho Rodrigues Feitosa

  8. Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

    Crésio de Aragão Dantas Alves

Authors
  1. Luciana Sant’Ana Leone de Souza
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  2. Renata de Oliveira Campos
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  3. Vitor dos Santos Alves
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  4. Taíse Lima Oliveira Cerqueira
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  6. Leonardo Sena Gomes Teixeira
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  8. Crésio de Aragão Dantas Alves
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  9. Helton Estrela Ramos
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Correspondence to Helton Estrela Ramos.

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Sant’Ana Leone de Souza, L., de Oliveira Campos, R., dos Santos Alves, V. et al. Hypertension and Salt-Restrictive Diet Promotes Low Urinary Iodine Concentration in High-Risk Pregnant Women: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study Conducted After Salt Iodination Reduction in Brazil. Biol Trace Elem Res 197, 445–453 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02028-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02028-8

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