Abstract
Colostrum of goat is a well-known nutritional source of animal product, which is attributed to innumerable nutritional properties. To enrich nutritional resources for understanding various nutritional values of animal product at high altitude, chemometric analysis of antioxidant and mineral element study was carried out by comparing antioxidants capacity, free radical scavenging activity, and certain mineral elements in colostrums of native and non-native goat breeds. Colostrum samples were collected from native Changthangi (CNG) and non-native Sirohi (SIRO) goat breeds, situated at naturally exposed high altitude of 3505.2 m above mean sea level. The antioxidant of samples was measured by ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity assay, and mineral elemental quantification of Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Co, Cu, K, Ca, B, Ni, and Cr was performed using ICP-OES. The values of FRAP, DPPH, and Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Co, Cu, K, and Ca in colostrums of native goat breed was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than the non-native goat. These data conclude that high altitude native goat has more antioxidant and mineral elements in colostrum than non-native colostrum. This study could provide a basis for establishing the role of colostrum supplements as a natural source to strengthen the endurance to modalities for the survival of newborn kids of goat within the native high altitude environment. This is the first report of a comparative chemometric analysis of colostrums of goat species and can be utilized to characterize the nutritional aspect of animal product with unique antioxidant and mineral nutrients composition in colostrum of goat.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sun Y, Wang C, Sun X, Guo M (2019) Protein digestion properties of Xinong Saanen goat colostrum and mature milk using in vitro digestion model. J Sci Food Agric. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9852
Kim JH, Jung WS, Choi NJ, Kim DO, Shin DH, Kim YJ (2009) Health-promoting effects of bovine colostrum in Type 2 diabetic patients can reduce blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and ketones. J Nutr Biochem 20:298–303
Choi HS, Jung KH, Lee SC, Yim SV, Chung JH, Kim YW, Jeon WK, Hong HP, Ko YG, Kim CH, Jang KH, Kang SA (2009) Bovine colostrum prevents bacterial translocation in an intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-injured rat model. J Med Food 12:37–46
Mellor DJ (1990) Meeting colostrum needs of new-born lambs. In Practice 12:239–244
Hernandez-Castellano LE, Morales-delaNuez A, Sanchez-Macias D, Moreno-Indias TA, Capote J, Argüello A, Castro N (2015) The effect of colostrum source (goat vs. sheep) and timing of the first colostrum feeding (2 h vs. 14 h after birth) on body weight and immune status of artificially reared newborn lambs. J Dairy Sci 98:204–210
Civra A, Altomare A, Francese R, Donalisio M, Aldini G, Lembo D (2019) Colostrum from cows immunized with a veterinary vaccine against bovine rotavirus displays enhanced in vitro anti-human rotavirus activity. J Dairy Sci 102(6):4857–4869
Jennes R (1980) Composition and characteristics of goat milk. Review: J Dairy Science 63:1605–1630
Csapo J, Csapo-Kiss Z, Martin TG, Szentpeteri J, Wolf G (1994) Composition of colostrum from goats, ewes and cows producing twins. Int Dairy J 4:445–458
Kumar P, Giri A, Bharti VK, Kumar K, Chaurasia OP (2019) Evaluation of various biochemical stress markers and morphological traits in different goat breeds at high-altitude environment. Biol Rhythm Res 0929-1016:1744–4179
Paralikar SJ, Paralikar JH (2010) High-altitude medicine. Indian J Occup Environ Med 14:6–12
Jefferson JA, Simoni J, Escudero E, Hurtado ME, Swenson ER, Wesson DE, Schreiner GF, Schoene RB, Johnson RJ, Hurtado A (2004) Increased oxidative stress following acute and chronic high altitude exposure. High Alt Med Biol 5:61–69
Mohanraj P, Merola AJ, Wright VP, Clanton TL (1985) (1998). Antioxidants protect rat diaphragmatic muscle function under hypoxic conditions. J Appl Physiol 84:1960–1966
Cano I, Selivanov V, Gomez-Cabrero D, Tegnér J, Roca J, Wagner PD, Cascante M (2014) Oxygen Pathway Modeling Estimates High Reactive Oxygen Species Production above the Highest Permanent Human Habitation. PLoS One 9:e111068
Bakonyi T, Radak Z (2004) High altitude and free radicals. J Sports Sci Med 3:64–69
Hua X, Bromham L (2017) Darwinism for the Genomic Age: Connecting Mutation to Diversification. Front Genet 8:12
Berihulay H, Abied A, He X, Jiang L, Ma Y (2019) Adaptation Mechanisms of Small Ruminants to Environmental Heat Stress. Animals (Basel) 9(3):75
Bharti VK (2012) Region specific hybrid goat production technology for meat purpose to enhance fresh meat supply. DRDO Technology Spectrum p, New Delhi, p 114
Bharti VK, Giri A, Vivek P, Kalia S (2017) Health and productivity of dairy cattle in high altitude cold desert environment of Leh-Ladakh: a review. Indian J Anim Sci 87:3–10
Kumar P, Bharti VK, Jadhav SE, Charan G, Gogoi D, Srivastava RB (2016) Evaluation of water and feed intake and growth performance of goat (Capra hircus) at high altitude. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 16:521–526
Przybylska J, Albera E, Kankofer M (2007) Antioxidants in Bovine Colostrum. Reprod Domest Anim 42:402–409
Gruse J, Kanitz E, Weitzel JM, Tuchscherer A, Stefaniak T, Jawor P, Wolffram S, Hammon HM (2016) Quercetin Feeding in Newborn Dairy Calves Cannot Compensate Colostrum Deprivation: Study on Metabolic, Antioxidative and Inflammatory Traits. PLoS One 11:e0146932
Vivek P, Bharti VK, Giri A, Kalia S, Raj T, Kumar B (2018) Endurance exercise causes adverse changes in some hematological and physio-biochemical indices in ponies under high altitude stress condition. Indian J Anim Sci 88:222–228
Haenlein GF (2001) Past, present, and future perspectives of small ruminant dairy research. J Dairy Sci 84:2097–2115
Kumar P, Biswas A, Bharti VK, Srivastava RB (2014) The effect of vitamin C supplementation on performance and blood biochemical parameters in Broiler chicken at Leh-Ladakh. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 14:329–336
Barrionuevo M, Alferez MJM, Lopez-Aliaga I, Sanz Sampelayo MR, Campos MS (2002) Beneficial effect of goat’s milk on nutritive utilization of Fe and Cu in malabsorption syndrome. J Dairy Sci 85:657–664
Appukutty M, Radhakrishnan AK, Ramasamy K, Ramasamy R, Abdul Majeed AB, Noor MI, Safii NS, Koon PB, Chinna K, Haleagrahara N (2012) Colostrum supplementation protects against exercise-induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle in mice. BMC Res Notes 5:649
Benzie IFF, Strain JJ (1996) The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 239:70–76
Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C (1995) Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 28:25–30
Kicinska A (2018) Health risk assessment related to an effect of sample size fractions: methodological remarks. Stochastic Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 32:1867–1887
Verma P, Sharma A, Sodhi M, Thakur K, Kataria R, Niranjan SK, Vijay B, Kumar P, Giri A, Kalia S, Mukesh M (2018) Transcriptome Analysis of Circulating PBMCs to Understand Mechanism of High Altitude Adaptation in Native Cattle of Ladakh Region. Sci Rep 8:1–15
Verma P, Sharma A, Sodhi M, Thakur K, Bharti VK, Kumar P, Giri A, Kalia S, Swami SK, Mukesh M (2018) Overexpression of genes associated with hypoxia in cattle adapted to Trans Himalayan region of Ladakh. Cell Biol Int 42:1141–1148
Martysiak-Żurowska D, Wenta W (2012) A comparison of ABTS and DPPH methods for assessing the total antioxidant capacity of human milk. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment 11:83–89
Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N (2010) Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev 4:118–126
Mann S, Shandilya UK, Sodhi M, Prabhat K, Bharti VK, Verma P, Sharma A, Mohanthy A, Mukesh M (2016) Determination of antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activity of milk from native cows (Bos Indicus), exotic cows (Bos Taurus), and riverine buffaloes. Int J Dairy Process Res 3:66–70
Kumar P, Biswas A, Bharti VK, Srivastava RB (2013) Effects of dietary copper supplementation on production performance and blood biochemical parameters in broiler chickens at cold arid high altitude region of India. J Vet Sci 114:166–172
Siddiqui MH, Al-Whaibi MH, Sakran AM, Basalah MO, Ali HM (2012) Effect of calcium and potassium on antioxidant system of Vicia faba L. Under cadmium stress. Int J Mol Sci 13:6604–6619
Yin DD, Wang QC, Zhou X, Li Y (2017) Endothelial dysfunction in renal arcuate arteries of obese Zucker rats: The roles of nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors, and calcium-activated K+ channels. PLoS One 17:e0183124
Hammoud SH, Omar AG, Eid AA, El-Mas MM (2017) CYP4A/CYP2C modulation of the interaction of calcium channel blockers with cyclosporine on EDHF-mediated renal vasodilations in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 334:110–119
Dong Y, Sawada Y, Cui J, Hayakawa M, Ogino D, Ishikawa M, Yoshitomi T (2016) Dorzolamide-induced relaxation of isolated rabbit ciliary arteries mediated by inhibition of extracellular calcium influx. Jpn J Ophthalmol 60:103–110
Winslow RM, Swenberg ML, Benson J, Perrella M, Benazzi L (1989) Gas exchange properties of goat hemoglobins A and C. J Biol Chem 264:4812–4817
Gassmann M, Muckenthaler MU (2015) Adaptation of iron requirement to hypoxic conditions at high altitude. J Appl Physiol 119:1432–1440
Goetze O, Schmitt J, Spliethoff K, Theurl I, Weiss G, Swinkels DW, Tjalsma H, Maggiorini M, Krayenbühl P, Rau M, Fruehauf H, Wojtal KA, Mullhaupt B, Fried M, Gassmann M, Lutz T, Geier A (2013) Adaptation of iron transport and metabolism to acute high-altitude hypoxia in mountaineers. Hepatology. 58:2153–2162
Venkata Krishnaiah M, Arangasamy A, Selvaraju S, Guvvala PR, Ramesh K (2019) Organic Zn and Cu interaction impact on sexual behaviour, semen characteristics, hormones and spermatozoal gene expression in bucks (Capra hircus). Theriogenology. 130:130–139
Milczarek M, Czopowicz M, Szara E, Szara T, Nalbert T, Kosieradzka I, Kaba J (2018) The concentration of copper, zinc, manganese and selenium in the serum and liver of goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis. Pol J Vet Sci 21:715–720
Chun YS, Choi E, Kim GT, Lee MJ, Lee MJ, Lee SE, Kim MS, Park JW (2000) Zinc induces the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, but inhibits the nuclear translocation of HIF-1beta, causing HIF-1 inactivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 268:652–656
Salnikow K, Su W, Blagosklonny MV, Costa M (2000) Carcinogenic metals induce hypoxia-inducible factor-stimulated transcription by reactive oxygen species-independent mechanism. Cancer Res 60:3375–3378
Nieboer E, Maxwell RI, Stafford AR (1984) Chemical and biological reactivity of insoluble nickel compounds and the bioinorganic chemistry of nickel. IARC Sci Publ 53:439–458
Arangasamy A, Krishnaiah MV, Manohar N, Selvaraju S, Rani GP, Soren NM, Reddy IJ, Ravindra JP (2018) Cryoprotective role of organic Zn and Cu supplementation in goats (Capra hircus) diet. Cryobiology 81:117–124
Gaur M, Pruthi V, Prasad R, Pereira BM (2000) Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopic and flame photometric analysis of goat epididymal fluid. Asian J Androl 2:288–292
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank all the staff of our animal facility for the care of the animals used in this study even being in harsh situations and for their assistance during the sampling. Authors also acknowledge the technical staff of DIHAR for providing technical facilitation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, P., Bharti, V.K. & Mukesh, M. Chemometric Analysis of Antioxidant and Mineral Elements in Colostrum of Native and Non-native Goat Breeds to Hypoxic Conditions at High Altitude. Biol Trace Elem Res 196, 446–453 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01940-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01940-y