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Iodine Nutrition During Pregnancy: Past, Present, and Future

Biological Trace Element Research volume 188, pages 196–207 (2019)Cite this article

Abstract

Iodine is a trace element that is important for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. During pregnancy, iodine requirements are increased by approximately 50% because of physiological changes. Adequate iodine status in pregnancy is crucial for maternal health and fetal growth. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a daily intake of 250 μg iodine for pregnant women to maintain adequate iodine status. Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in a series of detrimental effects on maternal and fetal health including hypothyroidism, goiter, stillbirth, abortion, increased neonatal mortality, neurological damage, and intellectual impairment. Correction of severe iodine deficiency can reduce the risk of adverse impacts. However, the influences of mild-to-moderate maternal iodine deficiency on fetal neural development and cognitive function are less clear. The safety and efficacy of iodine supplementation in mildly-to-moderately iodine-deficient women also remain uncertain. In addition, excess iodine during pregnancy carries a risk of adverse effects, and the recommended safe upper limits of iodine intake are controversial. Effective iodine supplementation should be implemented, and routine monitoring is necessary to guarantee adequate iodine status.

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Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, No. 826 Xinan Street, Dalian, 116033, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

    Wei Zhao, Xinyu Li & Zhengnan Gao

  2. Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA

    Xinghai Xia

  3. Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer 216, the Bronx, New York, NY, 10461, USA

    Cheng Han

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  1. Wei Zhao
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  2. Xinyu Li
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  3. Xinghai Xia
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  4. Zhengnan Gao
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Correspondence to Zhengnan Gao or Cheng Han.

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Zhao, W., Li, X., Xia, X. et al. Iodine Nutrition During Pregnancy: Past, Present, and Future. Biol Trace Elem Res 188, 196–207 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1502-z

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Keywords

  • Iodine
  • Iodine deficiency disorder
  • Pregnancy
  • Thyroid