Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Relations of Bromine, Iron, Rubidium, Strontium, and Zinc Content to Morphometric Parameters in Pediatric and Nonhyperplastic Young Adult Prostate Glands

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The variation with age of the Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet-mass basis) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Br—10.5 ± 1.3, Fe—28.6 ± 4.1, Rb—3.05 ± 0.27, Sr—0.42 ± 0.08, and Zn—32.9 ± 3.2. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Br—5.60 ± 0.57, Fe—19.3 ± 1.6, Rb—3.50 ± 0.28, Sr—0.24 ± 0.03, and Zn—113 ± 10. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium, and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. A significant positive correlation between the prostatic Zn and percent volume of both glandular epithelium (r = 0.573, p ≤ 0.001) and glandular lumen (r = 0.725, p ≤ 0.001) was found. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Zn accumulation, and that the stroma is a main pool of Br and Fe accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 14 to 30 years. It was concluded that the Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from $39.99 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  1. Zaichick S, Zaichick V, Nosenko S, Moskvina I (2012) Mass fractions of 52 trace elements and zinc/trace element content ratios in intact human prostates investigated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Biol Trace Elem Res 149:171–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hienzsch E, Schneider H-J, Anke M (1970) Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Mengen- und Spurenelementgehalt der normalen Prostata, des Prostataadenoms und des Prostatakarzinoms. Z Urol Nephrol 63:543–546

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Leissner KM, Fielkegard B, Tisell L-E (1980) Concentration and content of zinc in human prostate. Invest Urol 18:32–35

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Zaichick V (2004) INAA and EDXRF applications in the age dynamics assessment of Zn content and distribution in the normal human prostate. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 262:229–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Zaichick S, Zaichick V (2013) Relations of morphometric parameters to zinc content in paediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands. Andrology 1:139–146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Zaichick S, Zaichick V (2011) INAA application in the age dynamics assessment of Br, Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Mn, and Na content in the normal human prostate. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 288:197–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Zaichick S, Zaichick V (2011) The effect of age on Ag, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Sb, Sc, Se, and Zn contents in intact human prostate investigated by neutron activation analysis. Appl Radiat Isot 69:827–833

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Zaichick V, Nosenko S, Moskvina I (2012) The effect of age on 12 chemical element contents in intact prostate of adult men investigated by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Biol Trace Elem Res 147:49–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Mawson CA, Fischer MJ (1952) The occurrence of zinc in the human prostate gland. Can J Med Sci 30:336–339

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hoare R, Delory GE, Penner DW (1956) Zinc and acid phosphatase in the human prostate. Cancer 9:721–726

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Siegal E, Graig FA, Drystall MM, Siegal EP (1961) Distribution of 65Zn in the prostate and other organs of man. Br J Cancer 15:647–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kar AB, Chowdhury AR (1968) Distribution of zinc in the subcellular fractions of human prostate. Curr Sci 37:375–376

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dhar NK, Goel TC, Dube PC, Chowdhury AR, Kar AB (1973) Distribution and concentration of zinc in the subcellular fractions of benign hyperplastic and malignant neoplastic human prostate. Exp Mol Pathol 19:139–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Morita H (1981) Histochemical study of human prostate. II. Ultrastructural and XMA observation of zinc in the hyperplastic and neoplastic prostate. Jap J Urol 72:717–729

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Leake A, Chisholm GD, Habib FK (1983) The distribution of zinc in human prostate. Prostate 4:421–422

    Google Scholar 

  16. Tvedt KE, Halgunset J, Kopstad G, Haugen OA (1989) Intracellular distribution of calcium and zinc in normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human prostate: X-ray microanalysis of freeze-dried cryosections. Prostate 15:41–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bataineh ZM, Bani Hani IH, Al-Alami JR (2002) Zinc in normal and pathological human prostate gland. Saudi Med J 23:218–220

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Franklin RB, Feng P, Milon B, Desouki M, Singh KK, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Bagasra O, Costello LC (2005) hZIPI zinc uptake transporter down regulation and zinc depletion in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer 4:32–45

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Tisell L-E, Fjelkegard B, Leissner KH (1982) Zinc concentration and content of the dorsal, lateral and medial prostatic lobes and of periurethral adenomas in man. J Urol 128:403–405

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Feustel A, Wennrich R (1984) Zinc and cadmium in cell fractions of prostatic cancer tissue of different histological grading in comparison to BPH and normal prostate. Urol Res 12:147–150

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Saltzman BE, Gross SB, Yeager DW, Meiners BG, Gartside PS (1990) Total body burdens and tissue concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and ach in 55 human cadavers. Environ Res 52:126–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Picurelli L, Olcina PV, Roig MD, Ferrer J (1991) Determination of Fe, Mg, Cu, and Zn in normal and pathological prostatic tissue. Actas Urol Esp 15:344–350

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Picurelli L, Olcina PV, Roig MD, Günthner S, Ferrer J (1991) Determination and relationship of the copper and zinc concentrations in normal and pathologic prostatic tissue. Trace Elem Med 8(3):131–137

    Google Scholar 

  24. Oldereid NB, Thomassen Y, Attramadal A, Olaisen B, Purvis K (1993) Concentrations of lead, cadmium and zinc in the tissues of reproductive organs of men. J Reprod Fertil 99:421–425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Schöpfer J, Drasch G, Schrauzer GN (2010) Selenium and cadmium levels and ratios in prostates, livers, and kidneys of nonsmokers and smokers. Biol Trace Elem Res 134:180–187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Zaichick V (1997) Sampling, sample storage and preparation of biomaterials for INAA in clinical medicine, occupational and environmental health. In: Harmonization of Health-Related Environmental Measurements Using Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques, IAEA, Vienna, pp 123–133

  27. Zaichick V (2004) Losses of chemical elements in biological samples under the dry ashing process. Trace Elem Med (Moscow) 5(3):17–22

    Google Scholar 

  28. Shapiro E, Hartanto V, Perlman EJ, Tang R, Wang B, Lepor H (1997) Morphometric analysis of pediatric and nonhyperplastic prostate glands: evidence that BPH is not a unique stromal process. Prostate 33:177–182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Arenas MI, Romo E, Royuela M, Ruiz A, Fraile B, Sánchez-Chapado M, Paniagua R (2001) Morphometric evaluation of the human prostate. Int J Androl 24:37–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chagas MA, Babinski MA, Costa WS, Sampaio FJB (2002) Stromal and acinar components of the transition zone in normal and hyperplastic human prostate. BJU Int 89:699–702

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Matsuda T, Fujime M, Suda K (2006) Relationship between the prostatic tissue components and natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 28:121–124

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Zaichick S, Zaichick V (2010) Method and portable facility for energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis of zinc content in needle-biopsy specimens of prostate. X-Ray Spectrom 39:83–89

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Zaichick S, Zaichick V (2011) The Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn content and interrelation in intact and morphologic normal prostate tissue of adult men investigated by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis. X-Ray Spectrom 40:464–469

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Avtandilov GG (1973) Morphometry in pathology. Medicina, Moscow

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kubo H, Hashimoto S, Ishibashi A, Chiba R, Yokota H (1976) Simultaneous determinations of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Br concentrations in human tissue sections. Med Phys 3:204–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sangen H (1967) The influence of the trace metals upon the aconitase activity in human prostate glands. Jap J Urol 58:1146–1159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jafa A, Mahendra NM, Chowdhury AR, Kamboj VP (1980) Trace elements in prostatic tissue and plasma in prostatic diseases of man. Indian J Cancer 17:34–37

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Stitch SR (1957) Trace elements in human tissue. I. A semi-quantitative spectrographic survey. Biochem J 67:97–103

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Soman SD, Joseph KT, Raut SJ, Mulay GD, Parameswaran M, Pandey VK (1970) Studies of major and trace element content in human tissues. Health Phys 19:641–656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Schroeder HA, Tipton IH, Nason AP (1972) Trace metals in men: strontium and barium. J Chron Dis 25:491–517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Galván-Bobadilla AI, García–Escamilla RM, Gutiérrez-García N, Mendoza-Magaña ML, Rosiles-Martínez R (2005) Rev Latinoamer Patol Clin 52:109–117

    Google Scholar 

  42. Bartsch G, Mikuz G, Dietze O, Rohr HP (1989) Morphometry in the abnormal growth of the prostate. In: Fitzpatrick JM, Krane RJ (eds) The prostate. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 19–31

    Google Scholar 

  43. Iyengar GV (1998) Reevaluation of the trace element content in reference men. Radiat Phys Chem 51:545–560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Iyengar GV, Kollmer WE, Bowen HGM (1978) The elemental composition of human tissues and body fluids. A compilation of values for adults. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zaichick V, Tsyb A, Dunchik V, Sviridova T (1982) Invention. Author’s Certificate No 3267411 (14.10.1982). Moscow

  46. Zaichick V, Sviridova T, Zaichick S (1996) Zinc concentration in human prostatic fluid: normal, chronic prostatitis, adenoma, and cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 28:687–694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. International Commission on Radiological Protection (1975) Report no 23 of the Task Group on Reference Man. Pergamon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  48. Marezynska A, Kulpa J, Lenko J (1983) The concentration of zinc in relation to fundamental elements in the diseases human prostate. Int Urol Nephrol 15:257–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Zaichick V (1998) X-ray fluorescence analysis of bromine for the estimation of extracellular water. Appl Radiat Isot 49:1165–1169

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the late Prof. A.A. Zhavoronkov, Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, for supplying prostate specimens and for his help in the morphometric study. The authors are also grateful to Dr. Sinclair Wynchank for a very valuable and detailed discussion of the results of this work.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Sofia Zaichick

    Present address: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Northwestern University, 302 East Superior street, Morton Building, Chicago, IL, 60640, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Radionuclide Diagnostics Department, Medical Radiological Research Centre, Koroleva Str.-4, Obninsk, 249036, Kaluga Region, Russia

    Vladimir Zaichick & Sofia Zaichick

Authors
  1. Vladimir Zaichick
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sofia Zaichick
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vladimir Zaichick.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zaichick, V., Zaichick, S. Relations of Bromine, Iron, Rubidium, Strontium, and Zinc Content to Morphometric Parameters in Pediatric and Nonhyperplastic Young Adult Prostate Glands. Biol Trace Elem Res 157, 195–204 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-014-9890-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-014-9890-1

Keywords